ITEM 1: BUSINESS
Overview
We
are a specialty pharmaceutical company that acquires, develops and markets prescription
and over-the-counter products in niche therapeutic markets, including dermatology,
podiatry, gastroenterology and womens health. Our business strategy contemplates our
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in-licensing
phase II and phase III drugs and developing and bringing to market products
with long-term intellectual property protection or other significant
barriers to market entry;
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commercializing
brands that fill unmet patient and physician needs;
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expanding
existing partnerships and joint venture relationships with biotechnology
and specialty pharmaceutical companies and fostering new strategic
alliances designed to deliver a stronger product portfolio; and
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increasing
our focus on research and development activities to continue to develop
products organically with longer lifecycles and to extend indications for
our current product portfolio.
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We
have two primary business segments, our Doak Dermatologics subsidiary (which includes the
products we acquired from Bioglan Pharmaceuticals in 2004), specializing in therapies for
dermatology and podiatry, and our Kenwood Therapeutics division, providing
gastroenterology, womens health, respiratory and other internal medicine brands. To a
lesser extent, Kenwood Therapeutics also markets nutritional supplements and respiratory
products. At February 28, 2007, Doak Dermatologics had a dedicated sales force of 129
professional sales representatives, while Kenwood Therapeutics had a dedicated sales
force of 46 professional sales representatives. During 2006, we launched our A. Aarons
subsidiary, which markets authorized generic versions of Doaks and Kenwoods products.
During
2006, we generated net sales of $144,806,640, representing an increase of $105,137,667,
or 265%, from our net sales during 2002. Doak Dermatologics, led by its core branded
products of ADOXA
®
, KERALAC
®
/ KEROL, SOLARAZE
®
, ZODERM
®
, LIDAMANTLE
®
, and
ROSULA
®
, accounted for 79% of our net sales for 2006, while Kenwood Therapeutics, and
its core branded products of PAMINE
®
, ANAMANTLE
®
HC and FLORA-Q
®
, accounted for the
remaining 21% of our net sales for 2006. We did not recognize revenue for A. Aarons
during 2006 because we did not have sufficient historical data (A. Aarons first began
selling products during the Third Quarter of 2006) to make the assumptions necessary to
record revenue.
In
August 2004, we purchased certain assets of Bioglan Pharmaceuticals. As part of this
transaction, we acquired certain intellectual property, regulatory filings and other
assets relating to SOLARAZE
®
, a topical treatment indicated for the treatment of
actinic keratosis, ADOXA
®
, an oral antibiotic indicated for the treatment of acne,
ZONALON
®
, a topical treatment indicated for pruritus, TX SYSTEMS
®
, a line of advanced
topical treatments used during in-office procedures, and certain other dermatologic
products. We paid approximately $191 million, including acquisition costs, for the
Bioglan assets.
During
2006, we entered into agreements with MediGene AG and BioSante Pharmaceuticals,
respectively, to commercialize VEREGEN and ELESTRIN, products with significant
intellectual property protection. Pursuant to our agreement for VEREGEN, we have been
granted the exclusive license, or sublicense in certain instances, to certain patents,
trademarks and other intellectual property for our use in the commercialization in the
United States as a prescription product of any ointment or other topical formulation
containing green tea catechins, a novel active ingredient, for the treatment of
dermatological diseases in humans, including, but not limited to, external genital warts,
perianal warts and actinic keratosis. During the Fourth Quarter of 2006, the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the marketing of VEREGEN as a new drug
indicated for the treatment of external genital and perianal warts. During 2006, we paid
MediGene $5.0 million in consideration for development and regulatory activities
undertaken prior to the date of our agreement and a $14 million milestone payment that was
triggered by the FDAs approval of
VEREGEN. VEREGEN is patented through 2017 (additional pending patent applications
may extend its patent life),
Pursuant
to our agreement for ELESTRIN, we have been granted the exclusive right to market
ELESTRIN in the United States. ELESTRIN, which was approved by the FDA in the
Fourth Quarter of 2006, is an estradiol transdermal gel to be prescribed for the
treatment of moderate-to-severe hot flashes in menopausal women and is available at
several dosage levels. ELESTRIN is the lowest dose of estradiol approved by the FDA
for the treatment of these moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms. In consideration for
the grant of our right to market ELESTRIN, we paid BioSante and its licensor for
ELESTRIN an aggregate of $3.5 million during October 2006. Under our agreement with
BioSante, the FDA approval of ELESTRIN triggered regulatory milestone payments of
$10.5 million, $7.0 million of which is payable in March 2007, with the remaining $3.5
million payable in December 2007. ELESTRIN is patented through 2021 (additional
pending patent applications may extend its patent life),
We
expect to launch VEREGEN and ELESTRIN during 2007. VEREGEN will be promoted
to physicians by both our Doak Dermatologics and Kenwood Therapeutics sales forces.
ELESTRIN will be promoted to physicians by our Kenwood Therapeutics sales force. In
connection with the launch of these products, we anticipate hiring approximately 20
additional Kenwood Therapeutics sales representatives during 2007 and incurring a
corresponding amount of additional sales, marketing and related expenses. Our net sales
and profitability would be adversely affected if, for any reason, we were unable to
launch VEREGEN and ELESTRIN on a timely basis.
With
the exception of SOLARAZE
®
, which is patented through at least 2014, VEREGEN, which
is patented through at least 2017, and ELESTRIN, which is patented through at least
2021, there is no meaningful intellectual property or proprietary protection for our
other material branded pharmaceutical products, including ADOXA
®
, and competing generic
or therapeutically equivalent versions for most of these other products are sold by other
pharmaceutical companies. Currently, only SOLARAZE
®
, KEROL and FLORA-Q
®
do not
face competition from generic or therapeutically equivalent products, which has, and is
expected to continue to, adversely affect our sales. In addition, governmental and other
pressure to reduce pharmaceutical costs may result in physicians prescribing products for
which there are generic or therapeutically equivalent products.
We
were originally incorporated in New Jersey in January 1985. In May 1998, we
reincorporated in Delaware. For a discussion of our international operations and segment
information, see Note M to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in
this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Our Industry
We
principally target segments of the dermatologic, podiatric, womens health and
gastrointestinal markets where we believe that our sales force can effectively reach the
physicians who account for a majority of the prescriptions for conditions treated by our
products.
Many
of the pharmaceutical products sold in these specialty markets were originally
discovered, researched or developed by major pharmaceutical companies. Due largely to
industry consolidation, the costs of marketing and regulatory compliance, or lack of
strategic fit, these types of products often do not justify continued promotion by major
pharmaceutical companies. Major pharmaceutical companies typically focus on so-called
blockbuster drugs, which are often described as having the potential to generate annual
sales in excess of $500 million. These companies frequently sell their smaller products
to specialty pharmaceutical companies, like us.
Since
2004, our net sales have been negatively impacted by the onset and increase in generic or
therapeutically equivalent products competing on price with our brands. Increased
competition from the sale of generic or therapeutically equivalent products may cause a
further decrease in sales, which would have an adverse effect on our business, financial
condition and results of operations. In addition, as a result of increased generic
competition, the execution of Distribution Service Agreements (DSAs) with three of our
wholesale customers, two of whom are our two largest customers, and a change in these
customers market dynamics, we have experienced an increase in product returns. Our
branded products for which there are no generic or therapeutically equivalent forms
may also face competition from
different therapeutic treatments used for the same indications for which our branded
products are used.
Dermatologic and
Podiatric Markets
Based
on data from Wolters Kluwer (formerly known as NDCHealth Corporation), an independent
provider of pharmaceutical prescription data, we estimate the United States market for
prescription dermatologic and podiatric drugs accounted for approximately $7.7 billion in
retail prescription sales for 2006. Within the dermatologic market we estimate, based in
part on data from Wolters Kluwer, that approximately 12,000 dermatologists specialize in
treating a variety of skin disorders, including acne, eczema, psoriasis and actinic
keratosis. Our core dermatologic products, ADOXA
®
, KERALAC
®
/ KEROL, SOLARAZE
®
,
ZODERM
®
, LIDAMANTLE
®
and ROSULA
®
, compete in areas such as acne, rosacea, actinic
keratosis, topical anesthetics and xerosis, a segment of the market we estimate accounted
for approximately $3.8 billion in retail prescription sales in 2006. Within the podiatric
market we estimate, based in part on data from Wolters Kluwer, that approximately 13,000
podiatrists treat patients suffering from a range of foot disorders, including athletes
foot and nail disorders that can be treated with prescription products.
Within
the dermatologic market we estimate, based in part on data from Wolters Kluwer, that
approximately 4,000 dermatologists are experienced and skilled in the treatment of
external genital and perianal warts caused by human papilloma virus (HPV). External
genital and perianal warts caused by HPV are conditions that our new product,
VEREGEN, is indicated to treat. External genital warts are one of the most common and
fastest spreading venereal diseases worldwide. It is estimated that approximately 14
million people in the United States are infected with strains of HPV that cause external
genital warts, making the United States the largest market for this indication. According
to Wolters Kluwer, the U.S. market for this condition is approximately $200 million per
year. We believe that dermatologists will predominantly treat male patients infected with
external genital or perianal warts caused by HPV.
Gastrointestinal Market
Based
on data from Wolters Kluwer, we estimate that the United States market for prescription
gastrointestinal drugs accounted for approximately $20.6 billion in retail prescription
sales for 2006. Within the gastrointestinal market we estimate, based in part on data
from Wolters Kluwer, that approximately 11,000 gastroenterologists specialize in treating
a variety of stomach and intestinal disorders. We estimate that the segment of this
market that focuses on the lower gastrointestinal tract, excluding heartburn related
disorders, accounted for approximately $2.4 billion in retail prescription sales for
2006. Many of the drugs in this segment treat conditions such as constipation,
hemorrhoids and colitis. Our core gastrointestinal drugs, PAMINE
®
, ANAMANTLE
®
HC and
FLORA-Q
®
address principally hemorrhoids and symptoms associated with irritable bowel
syndrome, specifically gastrointestinal pain and cramping.
Womens Health
Market
Based
in part on data from Wolters Kluwer, we estimate that there are approximately 14,000
womens health providers, particularly OB/GYNs, who account for the majority of
prescriptions in the entire $1.3 billion annual U.S. estrogen therapy market, which
consists of oral and topical products. We believe that ELESTRIN, our new topical,
transdermal gel that has been approved by the FDA as offering the lowest effective dose
of estradiol in the marketplace for the treatment of moderate-to-severe hot flashes in
menopausal women, will compete primarily in the transdermal segment of this market. The
transdermal segment consists primarily of patch products, and is expected to grow to more
than $300 million annually over the next several years. We believe that womens health
providers, particularly OB/GYNs, will treat female patients infected with external
genital or perianal warts caused by HPV.
Our Strategy
Our
primary objective is to be a leading specialty pharmaceutical company focused on selected
pharmaceutical needs within the dermatologic, podiatric, womens health and
gastrointestinal markets. Our business
strategy
contemplates our in-licensing phase II and phase III drugs and developing and bringing to
market products with long-term intellectual property protection. Our recent licensing
transactions with MediGene for VEREGEN and BioSante for ELESTRIN are examples of
our implementing this strategy. Under the MediGene Agreement, we also have rights to
additional products containing green tea catechins that may be developed by MediGene for
other dermatological indications. VEREGEN is patented through 2017 and ELESTRIN
is patented through 2021 (pending patent applications may extend the patent life of each
product), and we anticipate commencing commercialization of each product during 2007.
Our
business strategy also includes our commercializing brands that fill unmet patient and
physician needs. For example, our SOLARAZE
®
Gel product is the only topical treatment
for actinic keratosis that is approved by the FDA for use on other parts of the body
besides the face and scalp. Further, ELESTRIN, our new estradiol transdermal gel
indicated for the treatment of moderate-to-severe hot flashes in menopausal women, has
been approved by the FDA as the lowest dose of estradiol currently available on the
market, fully 50% lower than the nearest current competitor.
We
also seek to expand existing partnerships and joint venture relationships with
biotechnology and specialty pharmaceutical companies and fostering new strategic
alliances designed to deliver a stronger product portfolio. We are continually pursuing
new business opportunities and reassessing existing relationships. In addition to the
MediGene and BioSante Agreements, our agreement in 2006 with Polymer Science to develop
delivery systems not currently utilized by us for our future products is an example of
this. For a more detailed discussion of our agreement with Polymer Science, see
Business- Products In Development included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
We
also plan to increase our focus on research and development activities and to continue to
develop products organically with longer lifecycles and to extend indications for our
current product portfolio. Our introduction of core product line extensions, such as
ADOXA Pak
®
, KEROL and ANAMANTLE
®
HC GEL, following the launch of generic or
therapeutically equivalent versions of these products, demonstrates our commitment to
enhancing our product lifecycle management.
Our Products
The
following is a list of major branded products, by therapeutic category, that we currently
distribute. We intend to launch VEREGEN and ELESTRIN during 2007.
Product
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Strength
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Primary Uses
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Dermatologic and Podiatric
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Acne/Roseaca
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ADOXA
®
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ADOXA
®
Tablets 50mg,
75mg and 100mg
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Rx
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Acne
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ADOXA
Pak
®
75mg, 100mg and 150mg
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Rx
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Acne
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ZODERM
®
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ZODERM
®
CLEANSER 4.5%, 6.5% and 8.5%
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Rx
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Acne
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ZODERM
®
CREAM 4.5%,
6.5% and 8.5%
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Rx
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Acne
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ZODERM
®
GEL 4.5%,
6.5% and 8.5%
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Rx
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Acne
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ZODERM
®
REDI-PADS
4.5%, 6.5% and 8.5%
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Rx
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Acne
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ROSULA
®
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ROSULA
®
AQUEOUS
CLEANSER
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Rx
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Rosacea and acne
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ROSULA
®
AQUEOUS GEL
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Rx
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Rosacea and acne
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ROSULA
®
NS PADS
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Rx
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Antibacterial
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Keratolytic
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KEROL REDI-CLOTHS
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Rx
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Mild to severe dry skin
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KERALAC
®
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KERALAC
®
CREAM
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Rx
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Mild to severe dry skin
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Product
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Strength
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Primary Uses
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KERALAC
®
LOTION
|
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Rx
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Mild to severe dry skin
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KERALAC
®
GEL
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Rx
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Mild to severe dry skin, nail disorders
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KERALAC
®
NAILSTIK
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Rx
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Mild to severe dry skin, nail disorders
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KERALAC
®
OINTMENT
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Rx
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Mild to severe dry skin
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CARMOL
®
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CARMOL
®
40
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Rx
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Mild to severe dry skin, xerosis, nail disorders
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CARMOL
®
HC
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Rx
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Inflammatory skin conditions
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CARMOL
®
10, 20
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OTC
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Dry skin
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Genital Warts
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VEREGEN
|
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Rx
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External genital or perianal warts
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Actinic Keratoses
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SOLARAZE
®
|
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Rx
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Actinic keratoses, pre-cancerous skin lesions
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Anesthetics
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LIDAMANTLE
®
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LIDAMANTLE
®
HC
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Rx
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Topical anesthetic and anti-inflammatory
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LIDAMANTLE
®
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Rx
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Topical anesthetic
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ACIDMANTLE
®
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Cosmetic
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Skin pH balancer
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ZONALON
®
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Rx
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Topical anesthetic
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Scalp
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SELSEB
®
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Rx
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Dandruff
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CARMOL
®
SCALP LOTION
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Rx
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Dandruff
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Cosmeceutical
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TRANS-VER-SAL
®
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OTC
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Warts
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AFIRM
®
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Professional use
only In office procedure for chemical peels
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BETA-LIFT
®
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Professional use
only In office procedure for chemical peels
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Gastrointestinal
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ANAMANTLE
®
HC
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ANAMANTLE
®
HC 14
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Rx
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Hemorrhoids and anal fissures
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ANAMANTLE
®
HC CREAM KIT 20S
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Rx
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Hemorrhoids and anal fissures
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ANAMANTLE
®
HC FORTE
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Rx
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Hemorrhoids and anal fissures
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ANAMANTLE
®
HC GEL
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Rx
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Hemorrhoids and anal fissures
|
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PAMINE
®
, PAMINE
®
FORTE
|
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Rx
|
Relief of gastrointestinal symptoms
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FLORA-Q
®
(nutritional supplement)
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OTC
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Bacteria strains for proper balance of intestinal flora
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Respiratory
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DECONAMINE
®
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Rx
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Antihistamine and decongestant
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ENTSOL
®
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OTC
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Nasal wash
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Womens Health
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Genital Warts
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VEREGEN
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Rx
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External genital or perianal warts
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Estrogen Therapy
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ELESTRIN
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Rx
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Moderate-to-severe hot flashes in menopausal women
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Our
core branded products that we actively promote in the dermatologic, podiatric,
gastrointestinal and womens health markets are described below. With the exception of
SOLARAZE
®
, KEROL, FLORA-Q
®
, VEREGEN and ELESTRIN, all of our other core
brands are currently subject to some form of competition from generic or therapeutically
equivalent products offered by other pharmaceutical companies.
ADOXA
®
,
doxycycline monohydrate, is a member of the tetracycline family of antibiotics and is
available in 150mg, 100mg, 75mg and 50mg tablets. ADOXA
®
is available in bottles of
tablets and as ADOXA Pak
®
, a convenient package that may enhance patient compliance and
encourage physician prescribing. We also introduced ADOXA
®
Pak in an effort to offset
the effects of generic competition. The tetracycline family of antibiotics is useful
adjunctive therapy for the treatment of severe acne. These medications work by
suppressing the common bacteria, P. acnes (the causative agent for acne), on the skin.
They are often used in conjunction with topical therapies as part of an overall acne
treatment regimen. ADOXA
®
is one of several branded tetracycline products for acne
treatment. ADOXAs commercial success is based on factors such as its small,
easy-to-swallow tablet form and doxycyclines proven safety profile. We have granted Par
Pharmaceutical the right to market authorized generic versions of our ADOXA
®
50mg, 75mg
and 100mg tablets in bottles. Based on data from Wolters Kluwer, we estimate that, as of
December 31, 2006, ADOXA
®
had approximately 16%, or $60 million, of the annual market
for the oral antibiotic treatment for acne.
KEROL
and KERALAC
®
are prescription urea-based topical moisturizing therapies with
keratolytic properties (helps to remove the surface layer of dead cells). KEROL is
currently available as a urea-medicated cloth in its own packaging. We launched KEROL
in the Fourth Quarter of 2006 as a line extension to KERALAC
®
in an effort to offset
KERALAC
®
generic competition. KERALAC
®
is currently available in five formulations -
a lotion, cream, nail gel, ointment and a Nailstik. KERALAC
®
LOTION is marketed for
mild to moderate dry skin, KERALAC
®
CREAM is marketed for moderate to severe dry skin
and KERALAC
®
GEL is marketed for site-specific dry skin, nail debridement and as a nail
softener. KERALAC
®
NAILSTIK is a patient-friendly application to treat diseased and
damaged nails. KERALAC
®
OINTMENT is a site-specific treatment for dry skin relief. We
developed KERALAC
®
as an enhancement to our CARMOL
®
40 products. Based on data from
Wolters Kluwer, we estimate that, as of December 31, 2006, KEROL, KERALAC
®
and
CARMOL
®
40 collectively had approximately 21%, or $30 million, of the annual urea-based
prescription severe dry skin and damaged nails market.
SOLARAZE
®
Gel is an FDA-approved dermatological product containing the nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory diclofenac sodium in a 3% topical formulation. SOLARAZE
®
Gel is used to
treat actinic keratosis. Actinic keratoses are common, pre-cancerous skin lesions
affecting a large proportion of fair-skinned individuals. Actinic keratosis skin lesions
are caused by over-exposure to the sun. Prior to the introduction of SOLARAZE
®
Gel,
dermatology treatment options typically included cryosurgery, 5-fluorouracil and
aminolevulinic acid HCl. SOLARAZE
®
Gels commercial success is based on factors such as
its efficacy, tolerability/side-effect profile and its convenient, easy-to-apply
non-greasy gel form. SOLARAZE
®
Gel is also the only topical treatment for actinic
keratosis that is approved for use on other parts of the body besides the face and scalp.
Based on data from Wolters Kluwer, we estimate that, as of December 31, 2006, SOLARAZE
®
Gel had approximately 19%, or $34 million, of the annual market for the topical treatment
for actinic keratosis. SOLARAZE
®
is patented through at least 2014.
ZODERM
®
CLEANSER, ZODERM
®
CREAM, ZODERM
®
GEL and ZODERM
®
REDI-PADS are internally
developed benzoyl peroxide topical prescription products that help treat acne. The active
ingredient in all ZODERM
®
products is benzoyl peroxide, which has antibacterial
properties that are effective in treating acne.
LIDAMANTLE
®
and LIDAMANTLE
®
HC, available in cream and lotion formulations, are prescription
products with a topical anesthetic (lidocaine) that help relieve pain, soreness, itching
and irritation caused by insect bites, eczema and other skin conditions. LIDAMANTLE
®
and LIDAMANTLE
®
HC are formulated in a special base that mimics the pH of healthy skin,
thus providing an environment that facilitates healing, protects against infections and
alleviates irritation. LIDAMANTLE
®
HC also contains hydrocortisone, which helps to
reduce inflammation.
ROSULA
®
AQUEOUS CLEANSER, ROSULA
®
AQUEOUS GEL and ROSULA
®
NS PADS are internally developed
topical prescription products that treat skin conditions, including acne and rosacea. The
active ingredients in ROSULA
®
AQUEOUS GEL and ROSULA
®
AQUEOUS CLEANSER, sodium
sulfacetamide and sulfur, have antibacterial properties that are effective against acne
and reduce the redness (erythema) and lesions
associated with rosacea. The active
ingredient in ROSULA
®
NS PADS, sodium sulfacetamide, also acts as an antibacterial that
is effective for acne and rosacea.
PAMINE
®
and PAMINE
®
FORTE are prescription lactose-free, antispasmodic oral therapies that are
indicated for the adjunctive therapy of peptic ulcer. PAMINE
®
FORTE contains twice the
amount of methscopolamine bromide, the active ingredient of PAMINE
®
, and may be taken
less frequently than PAMINE
®
, which we believe may promote greater patient compliance.
Because both PAMINE
®
and PAMINE
®
FORTE have limited ability to cross the blood-brain
barrier (BBB), they cause fewer side effects, such as dizziness and blurred vision, than
comparable drugs that cross the BBB.
ANAMANTLE
HC
®
is a prescription cream containing a topical anesthetic (lidocaine) and
hydrocortisone (an anti-inflammatory), which treats hemorrhoids and anal fissures.
Because ANAMANTLE HC
®
is formulated in a pH-balanced base, it can encourage a pH that
facilitates healing, reduces swelling and soothes irritation. ANAMANTLE HC
®
cream is
packaged as a kit containing 20 single-use units, each containing a single-use tube and
applicator, as well as a soothing cleansing wipe. ANAMANTLE HC
®
FORTE delivers twice
the anti-inflammatory medication of the original ANAMANTLE HC
®
and contains
mucoadhesive properties that are designed to promote better adhesion to affected areas.
During the Second Quarter of 2006, we launched ANAMANTLE HC
®
GEL, the only topical
treatment for hemorrhoids and anal fissures containing 2.5% hydrocortisone and 3%
lidocaine.
FLORA-Q
®
is an over-the-counter nutritional supplement blend of bacterial strains designed to
promote the proper balance of natural healthful bacteria in the intestines, often
referred to as probiotics. FLORA-Q
®
contains four proprietary strains of probiotic
bacteria in a novel delivery system that ensures safe passage of the probiotic strains
through the stomach and high potency delivery to the intestinal tract, where its
beneficial effect is realized. Additionally, FLORA-Q
®
requires no refrigeration and is
available in a convenient capsule form.
VEREGEN
is an FDA-approved topical ointment indicated for the treatment of external genital and
perianal warts. The active ingredient in VEREGEN is a defined mixture of catechins
extracted from green tea, a novel active ingredient, that has been proven effective for
the treatment of external genital and perianal warts caused by certain strains of HPV.
External genital warts are one of the most common and fastest spreading venereal diseases
worldwide. It is estimated that approximately 14 million people in the U.S. are infected
with the strains of HPV that cause external genital warts. Current treatment for external
genital or perianal warts primarily consists of cryosurgery and the topical therapy
Aldara. VEREGEN is the first new treatment for external genital and perianal
warts since 1997. VEREGEN is patented through at least 2017. We intend to launch
VEREGEN during 2007.
ELESTRIN
is an FDA-approved estradiol transdermal gel indicated for the treatment of
moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes) in menopausal women. ELESTRIN has
been approved by the FDA as the lowest dose of estradiol currently available on the
market, fully 50% lower than the nearest current competitor. There has been a growing
trend in medical literature and general media in support of low-dose estrogen replacement
therapies and transdermal estradiol products. ELESTRIN will conform to the
recommendations directed to physicians by the FDA and the American College of
Obstetricians and Gynecologists to prescribe the lowest effective dose of estrogen to
control menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes. ELESTRIN is patented through at
least 2021. We intend to launch ELESTRIN during 2007.
Our
A. Aarons subsidiary, which commenced operations during the Third Quarter of 2006,
currently sells authorized generic versions of our ZODERM
®
, ANAMANTLE HC
®
, PAMINE
®
,
PAMINE
®
FORTE, CARMOL
®
40 and KERALAC
®
brands. We anticipate that A. Aarons will
commence distribution of authorized generic versions of our other branded products that
are facing competition from generic or therapeutically equivalent products during 2007.
Percentages
of our net sales by category for 2004, 2005 and 2006 were as follows:
|
|
|
Years Ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
|
Dermatology and Podiatry
|
|
76
|
%
|
83
|
%
|
79
|
%
|
|
Gastrointestinal
|
|
18
|
%
|
13
|
%
|
18
|
%
|
|
Respiratory
|
|
4
|
%
|
3
|
%
|
2
|
%
|
|
Nutritional
|
|
2
|
%
|
1
|
%
|
1
|
%
|
Financial
information for 2004, 2005 and 2006 is presented in our consolidated financial statements
included as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Products In Development
We
have developed internally and obtained from others rights to pharmaceutical agents in
various stages of development. We currently have two new products, VEREGEN and
ELESTRIN, that we intend to launch during 2007, and are also planning to launch
product line extensions for existing brands and reformulations of currently marketed
products.
On
January 30, 2006, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with MediGene AG
for VEREGEN. Under the MediGene Agreement, MediGene has granted us the exclusive
license, or sublicense in certain instances, to certain patents, trademarks and other
intellectual property for our use in the commercialization in the United States as a
prescription product of any ointment or other topical formulation containing green tea
catechins developed pursuant to our agreement with MediGene for the treatment of
dermatological diseases in humans, including, but not limited to, external genital warts,
perianal warts and actinic keratosis. MediGene has also granted us the non-exclusive
license, or sublicense in certain instances, to certain patents, trademarks and other
intellectual property to manufacture those products outside of the United States.
On
October 31, 2006, we announced that MediGene had received approval from the FDA to market
VEREGEN as a new drug indicated for the treatment of external genital and perianal
warts. VEREGEN has patent protection through at least 2017. Under the MediGene
Agreement, we agreed to purchase exclusively from MediGene the active product ingredient,
a mixture of green tea catechins, required for our commercialization of the products in
the United States and have agreed to certain minimum purchase amounts contingent upon
regulatory approval. The MediGene Agreement further provides that MediGene and we may
engage in development and regulatory activities relating to products covered by the
MediGene Agreement for indications other than a treatment for external and perianal warts
to be applied three times per day (the EGW Indication) or new developments that would
extend the scope of the EGW Indication. If we decide to pursue these other activities,
MediGene and we will share the costs of such activities in varying percentages, depending
on the indication sought and other circumstances. MediGene retains the rights to data
generated under such activities for use outside the United States. If certain criteria
are not met at various points along the development timeline for particular products, or
if certain products being developed cease to have economic viability, MediGene and we
each have the right to cease our participation in, and funding of, the development and
regulatory activities relating to that particular product.
During
2006, we paid MediGene an aggregate of $19,000,000 in consideration for development and
regulatory activities undertaken prior to the date of our agreement and as a result of
the FDA approving VEREGEN. The MediGene Agreement also contemplates additional
milestone payments that, when added to the milestones already paid by us, could aggregate
to a maximum of approximately $69,000,000. These milestones are dependent upon specific
achievements in the product development and regulatory approval process of products under
the Agreement for indications other than the EGW Indication and also based upon our net
sales of all products under the Agreement, including sales relating to the EGW Indication
(which could aggregate to a maximum of approximately $31,000,000 in milestones). In
addition to these payments, we will also pay MediGene, with respect to each product, a
product royalty based on a percentage (in the mid-teens) of net sales during the product
royalty term, which percentage is subject to reduction under certain circumstances.
Thereafter, MediGene is entitled to a trademark royalty based on a percentage (in the low
single digits) of net sales.
The
MediGene Agreement expires on the last day of the Royalty Term (as defined in the
Agreement) of the product whose Royalty Term is the last-to-expire of all products
developed and marketed under the Agreement. Either party may terminate the Agreement in
its entirety by notice in writing to the other party upon or after any material breach of
the Agreement by the other party, if the other party has not cured the breach within 60
days after written notice to cure has been given by the non-breaching party to the
breaching party; however, if any breach relates solely to one or more products, then the
non-breaching party may terminate the Agreement only to the extent it applies to such
product or products, with certain exceptions. Either party may also terminate the
Agreement in certain other instances described in the Agreement.
The
VEREGEN license includes the use of a patent which expires during 2017 and several
other patent pending applications have been filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark
Office, which may extend the patent life. However, VEREGEN should be difficult to
substitute generically due to the natural configurations of the catechins, which are
proprietary. As a result, we expect the useful life of VEREGEN will be beyond the
expiration date of its patent(s). We have estimated the economic life of the VEREGEN
license based upon the expected future cash flow contributions over the expected useful
life to be 15 years.
We
are in the process of creating and implementing our launch and initial marketing
strategies for VEREGEN and expect to launch VEREGEN during 2007 as soon as
commercial quantities of VEREGEN become available to us.
On
November 7, 2006, we entered into an agreement with BioSante Pharmaceuticals to market
its estradiol transdermal gel, ELESTRIN, in the United States. ELESTRIN is to be
prescribed for the treatment of moderate-to-severe hot flashes in menopausal women and is
available at several dosage levels. On December 19, 2006, we announced that BioSante had
received approval from the FDA to market ELESTRIN. ELESTRIN is the lowest dose of
estradiol approved by the FDA for the treatment of moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms
(hot flashes). In consideration for the grant of our right to market ELESTRIN, we
paid BioSante and its licensor for ELESTRIN an aggregate of $3.5 million during
October 2006. As a result of the FDAs approval of ELESTRIN, we are obligated to pay
$10.5 million in regulatory milestones, $7.0 million of which is due in March 2007, with
the remaining $3.5 million due in December 2007, a royalty on net sales (in the low teens), and sales-based
milestones.
The
ELESTRIN license includes the use of a patent covering ELESTRIN until 2021 and
several other pending patent applications have been filed with the U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office, which may extend the patent life. The term of the license agreement is
the later of the expiration of the patents or the 12th anniversary of the first sale of
the product. However, we can continue to commercialize ELESTRIN after the patents
expire or the 12th anniversary of the first sale of the product. After the term of the
license agreement expires, we are not required to pay a royalty to BioSante. We have
estimated the economic life of the ELESTRIN license based upon the expected future
cash flow contributions over the expected useful life to be 12 years.
We
are in the process of creating and implementing our launch and initial marketing
strategies for ELESTRIN and expect to launch ELESTRIN during 2007 as soon as
commercial quantities of ELESTRIN become available to us.
During
2006, we also agreed to development terms with Polymer Science, Inc. who will develop
delivery systems not currently used by us for future products that we intend to
commercialize. Polymer Science will manufacture the products that will incorporate these
new delivery systems exclusively for us. These products are being designed to help fill
physician and patient needs for the effective and convenient delivery of the active
ingredients to be incorporated in them. Initial launches of these products are expected
in 2007 and beyond.
Marketing and Sales
We
market and sell our products primarily through our full-time sales personnel and
wholesalers. As of February 28, 2007, we employed a national sales force, including
district managers, of 175 professional sales representatives. These representatives seek
to cultivate relationships of trust and confidence with dermatologists, podiatrists,
gastroenterologists and other specialists who write a high volume of prescriptions in our
core market segments. Our marketing and sales promotions principally target these doctors
through visits where our sales representatives provide information and product samples to
encourage these physicians to prescribe our products. In
addition, we use a variety of
marketing techniques to promote our products, including journal advertising, promotional
materials, specialty publications, convention participation, focus groups, educational
conferences, telemarketing and informational websites.
As
of February 28, 2007, Doak Dermatologics had 129 sales representatives and district
managers who call on dermatologists and podiatrists throughout the United States. As of
February 28, 2007, our Kenwood Therapeutics division had 46 sales representatives and
district managers who call on gastroenterologists, colon and rectal surgeons and womens
health providers in the United States. We believe we have created an attractive incentive
program for our professional sales force that is based upon goals in prescription growth
and market share improvement. We also train our professional sales force on applicable
pharmaceutical sales and marketing ethics and guidelines and periodically apprise them of
new legal developments that may influence the methods by which they act. In accordance
with a growing trend among many states, we have adopted, and our professional sales force
is required to comply with, our Pharma Compliance Program. The policies included in our
Pharma Compliance Program are designed to provide guidance to our employees, including
our professional sales force, on the legal and ethical standards relating to the most
common marketing and sales activities, as well as other usual financial arrangements with
physicians, physician assistants and other healthcare practitioners.
We
expect to launch VEREGEN and ELESTRIN during 2007. VEREGEN will be promoted
primarily to dermatologists and womens health providers by both our Doak Dermatologics
and Kenwood Therapeutics sales forces. ELESTRIN will be promoted to womens health
providers by our Kenwood Therapeutics sales force. In connection with the launch of these
products, we anticipate hiring approximately 20 additional Kenwood Therapeutics sales
representatives during 2007 and incurring a corresponding amount of additional sales,
marketing and related expenses.
To
facilitate sales of our products internationally, we have, as of February 28, 2007,
entered into agreements with approximately 24 international marketing and distribution
partners to provide for distribution and promotion of our products in more than 37
countries. Net sales from our international operations accounted for $2,952,846 during 2006, or
approximately 2%, of our overall net sales for each of 2006, 2005 and 2004.
During
June 2004, we acquired exclusive distribution and marketing rights in selected
international markets to the prescription acne and rosacea products Benzamycin
®
,
Klaron
®
and Noritate
®
, and three additional products, Hytone
®
, Sulfacet R
®
and
Zetar
®
Shampoo. Pursuant to the terms of this acquisition, we have exclusive
distribution and marketing rights to these products for eight years in Australia, Japan,
the Commonwealth of Independent States (other than Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova), Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait
and Egypt in the Middle East, and Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia in Southeast Asia. We
are responsible for securing the necessary approvals to market these products in these
countries. Through February 2007, we have entered into distribution agreements with
entities that will file regulatory applications and promote the products listed earlier
in this paragraph in the Commonwealth of Independent States, Saudi Arabia and the United
Arab Emirates. We are also currently in negotiations with a potential distribution
partner that intends to promote these products in Australia. We anticipate commencing the
distribution of certain of these products in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Estonia and
Latvia during 2007.
One
of the novel marketing campaigns that we recently initiated and are continuing is our
Skin Cancer Screening Awareness Tour. During 2006, we custom-designed a recreational
vehicle into a Mobile Diagnosis Vehicle (MDv) from which Board-certified dermatologists
could perform skin cancer screenings. We then partnered with The Skin Cancer Foundation
in a cross-country tour to raise awareness about skin cancer and the importance of early
detection and treatment. At each stop along the tour, dermatologists conducted skin
cancer screenings and we educated the public about the dangers of actinic keratosis,
squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and melanoma, all different forms of skin
cancer. The main goal of the Tour is to encourage people to see their local
dermatologists for testing and treatment.
During
2006, the MDv visited 26 cities and screened 5,573 people, of which 33% were suspected to
have some form of pre-cancerous or cancerous condition. Through our extensive promotional
and public relations campaign, we spread the word that it is critical that people see
their dermatologist to get screened. We also created and maintain a website with a
dermatologist finder feature so that people can find a dermatologist in their area.
We
intend to seek new markets in which to promote our product lines and will continue to
expand our sales force as product growth and/or product acquisitions warrant. We also
continue to seek new international wholesalers and currently are in the process of
obtaining market approvals in new countries. Although we anticipate receiving the
necessary approvals to market our products in these countries, there can be no assurance
that these approvals will be received.
Customers
We
sell our products primarily to wholesalers, who, in turn, supply the nations pharmacy
retailers. Our customers include several of the nations leading wholesalers, such as
AmerisourceBergen Corporation, Cardinal Health, Inc., McKesson Corporation, Quality King
Distributors, Inc. and other major wholesalers and drug chains. Our four largest
customers listed below accounted for an aggregate of approximately 97% of our gross trade
accounts receivable at December 31, 2006 and 90% of our gross trade accounts receivable
at December 31, 2005. The following table presents a summary of our gross sales to
significant customers, all of whom are also wholesalers, as a percentage of our total
gross sales:
|
|
|
Years Ended December 31,
|
Customer*
|
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
|
AmerisourceBergen Corporation
|
|
15
|
%
|
13
|
%
|
13
|
%
|
|
Cardinal Health, Inc.
|
|
36
|
%
|
40
|
%
|
36
|
%
|
|
McKesson Corporation
|
|
25
|
%
|
29
|
%
|
32
|
%
|
|
Quality King Distributors, Inc.
|
|
11
|
%
|
1
|
%
|
2
|
%
|
|
*
|
|
No
other customer had a percentage of our total gross sales greater than 5%
during the periods.
|
We
have two principal types of arrangements with wholesalers of our products: (a)
traditional arrangements with health benefit providers such as managed care contractors
and pharmacy benefit managers (Standard Arrangements), and (b) Inventory Management or
Distribution Service Agreements (collectively, DSAs). Pursuant to Standard
Arrangements, we provide discounts to various health benefit providers nationwide for
purchases of our products, although such providers have no obligation to order any
products at any time and we are under no obligation to offer or provide the discounts. We
have utilized Standard Arrangements for several years and expect to continue to do so in
the future.
DSAs
are a result of pharmaceutical wholesalers recently shifting from the traditional buy
and hold model (i.e., wholesalers purchasing in bulk in anticipation of price increases
or in exchange for discounts) to the fee-for-service model (i.e., where pharmaceutical
providers, such as us, pay wholesalers a fee for their distributing the pharmaceutical
providers products and providing other inventory management and administrative services)
in an effort to align wholesaler purchasing patterns with end-user demand. During 2005,
we entered into DSAs with Cardinal and McKesson which had effective dates during 2004. We
entered into a DSA with Kinray, Inc. during the Third Quarter of 2006. The terms of each
DSA require us, generally, to pay fees to the applicable wholesaler, which fees are
offset by any price appreciation of the inventory that such wholesaler has on-hand and
also by any discounts that we give such wholesaler for new product promotions. In return,
the wholesaler is obligated to maintain its inventory levels of our products at agreed
upon months-on-hand and to provide us with monthly inventory and sales reports. Based
upon these DSAs, we owe these wholesalers, as of December 31, 2006, an aggregate of
$1,778,711. We believe that these DSAs, among other things, improve our knowledge of
demand for our products, reduce the level of wholesale inventories of our products and
improve channel transparency because under the terms of the DSAs, the wholesalers provide
us with periodic reports of inventory and demand levels of our products.
Third Party Payors
Our
operating results and business success also depend on the availability of adequate third
party payor reimbursement to patients for our branded prescription products. These third
party payors include governmental entities, such as Medicaid, private health insurers and
managed care organizations. A majority of the United States population now participates
in some version of managed care. Because of the size of the patient population covered by
managed care organizations, marketing of prescription drugs to them and the pharmacy
benefit managers that
serve many of these organizations
has become important to our business. Managed care organizations and other third party
payors try to negotiate the pricing of medical services and products to control their
costs. Managed care organizations and pharmacy benefit managers typically develop
formularies to reduce their cost for medications. Formularies can be based on the prices
and therapeutic benefits of the available products. Due to their lower costs, generic
products are often favored. The breadth of the products covered by formularies varies
considerably from one managed care organization to another, and many formularies include
alternative and competitive products for treatment of particular medical conditions.
Exclusion of a product from a formulary can lead to its sharply reduced usage in the
managed care organization patient population. Payment or reimbursement of only a portion
of the cost of our prescription products could make our products less attractive to
patients, suppliers and prescribing physicians. Changes in the reimbursement policies of
these entities could prevent our branded pharmaceutical products from competing on a
price basis. If our products are not included within an adequate number of formularies or
if adequate reimbursement levels are not provided, or if reimbursement policies
increasingly favor generic products, our market share, our gross margins and our overall
business and financial condition could be negatively affected. While we focus on the
inclusion of our products in these formularies, this marketing channel is highly
competitive and we cannot assure that a significant percentage of our core products will
be covered by the formularies of the major managed care organizations and pharmacy
benefit managers.
Moreover,
some of our products are not of a type generally eligible for reimbursement, primarily
due to either the products market share being too low to be considered, cheaper generics
being available, or because the product is available without a prescription. It is also
possible that products manufactured by others could have the same effects as our products
and be subject to reimbursement. If this were the case, some of our products might become
too costly to patients.
We
engage in a regular marketing campaign to raise the awareness of our brands to third
party payors. This campaign involves regularly scheduled targeted product mailings,
private meetings and attendance at industry conferences. We intend to continue expanding
our existing base of national and regional relationships with third party payors.
Manufacturers and
Suppliers
We
do not own or operate any manufacturing or production facilities and all of our products
are manufactured and supplied to us by independent companies. Many of these companies
also manufacture and supply products for some of our competitors. We do not have
licensing or other supply agreements with most of these manufacturers or suppliers for
our products, and therefore, some of them could terminate their relationship with us at
any time, thereby hampering our ability to deliver and sell the manufactured product to
our customers and negatively affecting our operating margins.
While
we could seek alternative sources to manufacture our products, we generally only contract
with one manufacturer with respect to each of our products, including our core products.
Other than with respect to VEREGEN, ELESTRIN, PAMINE
®
and SOLARAZE
®
, our
manufacturing contracts are currently in the form of purchase orders. Firm manufacturing
agreements are either being negotiated or are in place with respect to our core products,
VEREGEN, ELESTRIN, PAMINE
®
and SOLARAZE
®
. Further, we and the manufacturers
of our products generally rely on suppliers of raw materials used in the production of
our products. Some of these materials, including the active ingredients in VEREGEN,
ELESTRIN, PAMINE
®
and SOLARAZE
®
, are available from only one or a limited number
of sources.
In
addition, during 2006, we entered into a development agreement with Polymer Science
whereby they agreed to develop and supply us with delivery systems not currently utilized
by us for future products to be commercialized by us.
All
manufacturers of pharmaceutical products sold in the United States must comply with
current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) as determined by the FDA and their
manufacturing operations and processes are subject to FDA inspection. Failure to comply
with cGMP requirements can lead to the shutdown of a facility, the seizure of product
distributed by that the facility and other sanctions. If we wish or need to identify an
alternate manufacturer, delays in obtaining FDA approval of the replacement manufacturing
facility could cause an interruption in the supply of our products.
At
December 31, 2006, we had an aggregate of $2,212,260 of backlog orders, compared to an
aggregate of $1,134,668 of backlog orders at December 31, 2005. Our backlog at December
31, 2006 was primarily the result of our being temporarily out of stock of certain
products. All of our backlog orders at December 31, 2006 were filled during the First
Quarter of 2007. Likewise, all of our backlog orders at December 31, 2005 were filled
during the First Quarter of 2006.
Intellectual Property
We
have recently refocused our business strategy, which anticipates greater investment in
products with intellectual property protections. However, other than the ownership or
license of patents with respect to SOLARAZE
®
, which is patented through at least 2014,
VEREGEN, which is patented through at least 2017, and ELESTRIN, which is patented
through at least 2021, we do not have meaningful intellectual property or proprietary
protection for our other material branded pharmaceutical products, including ADOXA
®
. To
our knowledge, none of our patents infringes any patent owned or used by others.
We
rely principally on unpatented proprietary technologies in the development and
commercialization of our products. We also depend upon the unpatentable skills, knowledge
and experience of our scientific and technical personnel, as well as those of our
advisors, consultants and other contractors. To help protect our proprietary know how
that is not patentable, and for inventions for which patents may be difficult to enforce,
we often use trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect our
interests. To this end, we typically require employees, consultants and advisors to enter
into agreements that prohibit the disclosure of confidential information and, where
applicable, require disclosure and assignment to us of the ideas, developments,
discoveries and inventions that arise from their activities for us. Additionally, these
confidentiality agreements require that our employees, consultants and advisors do not
bring to us, or use without proper authorization, any third partys proprietary
technology.
We
own trademarks associated with our products, including several national and foreign
trademark registrations, or common law rights, for each of our material products. We
cannot provide any assurance as to the extent or scope of the trademarks or other
proprietary protection secured by us on our products. To our knowledge, none of our
trademarks infringes any trademark owned or used by others.
Competition
The
pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive. We currently compete primarily in the
dermatologic, podiatric and gastrointestinal markets and are becoming more involved in
the womens health market. We believe that competition for product sales is based
primarily on brand awareness, price, availability, product efficacy and customer service.
Most
of our currently marketed products do not have patent or other intellectual property
protections. Generic or therapeutically equivalent products for most of our brands are
sold by other pharmaceutical companies. In addition, governmental and other pressure to
reduce pharmaceutical costs may result in physicians prescribing products for which there
are generic or therapeutically equivalent products. Further, our branded products for
which there are no generic or therapeutically equivalent forms available may face
competition from different therapeutic treatments used for the same indications for which
our branded products are used.
Over
the past several years, generic or competitive and less expensive versions of many of our
products have been introduced, including for different strengths of ADOXA
®
, ZODERM
®
,
PAMINE
®
, ROSULA
®
, ANAMANTLE
®
HC and different formulations of KERALAC
®
,
which has resulted in reduced demand and significant decreases in our net sales of the
affected products. In order to maintain our sales, we may enter into agreements for
authorized generic versions of our products and we implement life cycle management
techniques such as creating new formulations and delivery methods.
Many
of our competitors are large, well-established companies in the pharmaceutical, chemical,
cosmetic and health care fields and may have greater resources than we do to devote to
manufacturing, marketing, sales, research and development and acquisitions. Our
competitors include Axcan Pharma, Barrier Therapeutics,
CollaGenex Pharmaceuticals, Graceway
Pharmaceuticals, King Pharmaceuticals, Medicis, Salix Pharmaceuticals, Sciele Pharma,
Stiefel Laboratories, Valeant Pharmaceuticals and Wyeth Pharmaceuticals.
Government Regulation
Virtually
all aspects of our activities are regulated by federal and state statutes and
regulations, and by government agencies. The research, development, manufacturing,
processing, packaging, labeling, distribution, sale, advertising and promotion of our
products, and disposal of waste products arising from these activities, are subject to
regulation by one or more federal agencies and their state equivalents, including the
FDA, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Federal Trade Commission, the Consumer
Product Safety Commission, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Occupational
Safety and Health Administration and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, as well as
by comparable state agencies and governmental authorities in those foreign countries in
which we distribute some of our products.
Noncompliance
with applicable regulatory policies or requirements of the FDA or other governmental
authorities could subject us to enforcement actions, such as suspensions of product
distribution, seizure of products, product recalls, civil monetary and other penalties,
criminal prosecution and penalties, injunctions, whistleblower lawsuits, failure to
approve pending drug product applications or total or partial suspension of product
marketing approvals. Similar civil or criminal penalties could be imposed by other
government agencies or the agencies of the states and localities in which our products
are manufactured, sold or distributed, and could have ramifications for our contracts
with government agencies, such as our contract with the U.S. Department of Veterans
Affairs and the Department of Defense. These enforcement actions would detract from
managements ability to focus on our daily business and would have an adverse effect on
the way we conduct our daily business, which could severely impact future profitability.
Pharmaceutical Products
In
the United States, all manufacturers, marketers and distributors of human pharmaceutical
products are subject to regulation by the FDA. For innovative, or non-generic, new drugs,
an FDA-approved new drug application, or NDA, is required before the drugs may be
marketed in the United States. The NDA must contain data to demonstrate that the drug is
safe and effective for its labeled uses, and that it will be manufactured to appropriate
quality standards. In order to demonstrate safety and effectiveness, an NDA typically
must include or reference pre-clinical data from animal and laboratory testing and
clinical data from controlled trials in humans. For a new chemical entity, this generally
means that lengthy, uncertain and rigorous pre-clinical and clinical testing must be
conducted. For compounds that have a record of prior or current use, it may be possible
to utilize existing data or medical literature and limited new testing to support an NDA.
Any pre-clinical laboratory and animal testing must comply with FDAs good laboratory
practice and other requirements. Clinical testing in human subjects must be conducted in
accordance with FDAs good clinical practice and other requirements. In order to initiate
a clinical trial, the sponsor must submit an investigational new drug application, or
IND, to the FDA or meet one of the narrow exemptions that exist from the IND requirement.
Clinical research must also be reviewed and approved by independent institutional review
boards, or IRBs, at the sites where the research will take place, and the study subjects
must provide informed consent.
The
FDA can, and does, reject NDAs, require additional clinical trials, or grant approvals on
only a restricted basis even when product candidates performed well in clinical trials.
The FDA regulates and typically inspects manufacturing facilities, equipment and
processes used in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products before granting approval
to market any drug. Each NDA submission requires a substantial user fee payment, unless a
waiver or exemption applies. The FDA has committed generally to review and make a
decision concerning approval of an NDA within 10 months, and on a new priority drug
within six months. However, final FDA action on the NDA can take substantially longer,
and where novel issues are presented, there may be review and recommendation by an
independent FDA advisory committee. The FDA can also refuse to file and review an NDA it
deems incomplete or not properly reviewable.
Generic
drugs are approved through an abbreviated process based on the submission to the FDA of
an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA. The ANDA must seek approval of a drug
product that has the same active ingredient(s), dosage form, strength, route of
administration, and labeling as a so-called reference listed
drug approved under an NDA,
although some limited exceptions may be permitted. The ANDA also generally contains
limited clinical data to demonstrate that the product covered by the ANDA is absorbed in
the body at the same rate and to the same extent as the reference listed drug. This is
known as bioequivalence. In addition, the ANDA must contain information regarding the
manufacturing processes and facilities that will be used to ensure product quality, and
must contain certifications to patents listed with the FDA for the reference listed drug.
Special procedures apply when an ANDA contains certifications stating that a listed
patent is invalid or not infringed, and if the owner of the patent or the NDA for the
reference listed drug brings a patent infringement suit within a specified time, an
automatic stay bars FDA approval of the ANDA for a specified period of time pending
resolution of the suit or other action by the court. The amount of testing and effort
that is required to prepare and submit an ANDA is generally substantially less than that
required for an NDA.
The
FDA continues to review marketed products even after approval. If previously unknown
problems are discovered or if there is a failure to comply with applicable regulatory
requirements, the FDA may restrict the marketing of an approved product, cause the
withdrawal of the product from the market, or under certain circumstances seek recalls,
seizures, injunctions or criminal sanctions. For example, the FDA may require an approved
marketing application or additional studies for any marketed drug product if new
information reveals questions about a drugs safety or effectiveness. In addition,
changes to the product, the manufacturing methods or locations, or labeling are subject
to additional FDA approval, which may not be received and that may be subject to a
lengthy FDA review process.
Over-the-counter,
or OTC, drugs may be sold either under an approved NDA or ANDA, or under special
regulations of the FDA known as OTC monographs. The FDA issues OTC monographs for
particular product categories, such as cough-cold products. The monographs specify
permissible active ingredients, labeling and indications, and a product may be marketed
under a monograph without receiving a separate FDA approval. Once the FDA has determined
that a drug should be sold on an OTC basis for a particular use, it is generally
considered unlawful to continue marketing that drug on a prescription basis for that use.
Therefore, once the FDA issues a final OTC monograph, a prescription product covered by
the monograph must generally convert from prescription status to OTC status.
Certain
drugs that we and others market are not the subject of an approved NDA or ANDA, or an OTC
monograph. FDA has recognized that there are numerous, perhaps thousands, of such drug
products currently on the market without FDA approvals or authorizations. These include
principally products that first came on the market without an NDA prior to changes in the
food and drug laws in 1962, and new products that have come on the market since that time
on the grounds that they are identical, similar, or related to pre-1962 products. The FDA
has stated that these unapproved products are new drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act and thus require an effective approval in order to be introduced into
interstate commerce. However, the FDA also acknowledges that many of these products have
been marketed and prescribed for years without raising any safety or effectiveness
issues, and thus has established policies stating the circumstances under which it will
exercise its enforcement discretion and not take action against an otherwise unapproved
new drug. Under these policies, the FDA states that it will exercise its enforcement
discretion with respect to drugs marketed without a required FDA approval and focus its
enforcement resources on drugs that (1) present potential safety risks, (2) lack evidence
of effectiveness, and/or (3) constitute health fraud drugs. The FDA also states in
these policies that the agency considers drugs presenting a challenge to the drug
approval or OTC monograph system as falling into one or all of these categories. This
means, among other things, that the FDA will give higher enforcement priority where one
company obtains approval of an NDA and other companies are marketing the product without
approval, or where drugs are marketed in violation of a final OTC monograph. Recently,
the FDA has stated its intention to increase its enforcement in this area and has taken
action against certain products, none of which are ours, primarily on the basis of safety
concerns. We market a number of our products under these FDA enforcement policies on the
basis that they are equivalent to products first marketed prior to 1962. Any change in
the FDAs enforcement discretion and/or policies could alter the way we have to conduct
our business and any such change could severely impact our future profitability.
Whether
or not approved under an NDA, all drugs must be manufactured in conformity with cGMPs and
other FDA regulations and requirements, and drug products subject to an approved
application must be manufactured, processed, packaged, labeled and promoted in accordance
with the approved application. Certain of our products must also be packaged with
child-resistant and senior friendly packaging under the Poison Prevention
Packaging Act and Consumer Product
Safety Commission regulations. Products that do not comply with these requirements can be
considered misbranded and subject to seizure, recall, monetary fines, and other
penalties. Our third-party manufacturers must comply with cGMP requirements and product
specific regulations enforced by the FDA, and are continually subject to inspection by
the FDA and other governmental agencies. Manufacturing operations could be interrupted or
halted in any of those facilities if a government or regulatory authority determines that
our contract manufacturers do not comply with applicable regulations or as a result of an
unsatisfactory inspection. Any interruptions of this type could stop or slow the delivery
of our products to our customers and affect adversely our results of operations.
The
distribution of prescription pharmaceutical products is subject to the Prescription Drug
Marketing Act, or PDMA, which regulates the distribution of drugs and drug samples at the
federal level, and sets minimum standards for the registration and regulation of drug
distributors by the states. States require the registration of manufacturers and
distributors who provide pharmaceuticals, including in certain states even if these
manufacturers or distributors have no place of business within the state but satisfy
other nexus requirements, for example, the shipment of products into such state. Both the
PDMA and state laws limit the distribution of prescription drug product samples to
licensed practitioners and impose other requirements to ensure accountability in the
distribution of samples.
Other
reporting and recordkeeping requirements also apply for marketed drugs, including for
most products requirements to review and report cases of adverse events. Product
advertising and promotion are subject to FDA and state regulation, including requirements
that promotional claims conform to any applicable FDA approval, and be appropriately
balanced and substantiated. OTC drug advertising is also regulated by the Federal Trade
Commission. Our sales, marketing and scientific/educational programs must comply with
applicable requirements of the anti-kickback provisions of the Social Security Act, the
False Claims Act, the Veterans Healthcare Act, and the implementing regulations and
policies of the United States Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General and
United States Department of Justice, as well as similar state laws. Our pricing and
rebate programs must comply with applicable pricing and reimbursement rules, including
the Medicaid drug rebate requirements of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990.
If products are made available to authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule of the
General Services Administration, additional laws and requirements apply. All of our
activities are potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection and unfair
competition laws.
Nutritional
Supplements
The
FDA regulates nutritional supplements, including vitamins, minerals and herbs,
principally under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, or DSHEA.
DSHEA defines dietary supplements as vitamins, minerals, herbs, other botanicals, amino
acids and other dietary substances for human use to supplement the diet, as well as
concentrates, metabolites, constituents, extracts or combinations of such dietary
ingredients. Generally, under DSHEA, dietary ingredients that were on the market before
October 15, 1994 may be used in dietary supplements without notifying the FDA. However, a
dietary ingredient that was not marketed in the United States before October 15, 1994
must be the subject of a notification submitted to the FDA unless the ingredient has been
present in the food supply as an article used for food without the food being chemically
altered. A new dietary ingredient notification must provide the FDA evidence of a history
of use or other evidence of safety, and must be submitted to FDA at least 75 days before
the initial marketing of the new dietary ingredient.
DSHEA
permits statements of nutritional support to be included in labeling for dietary
supplements without FDA pre-approval. Such statements may describe how a particular
dietary ingredient affects the structure, function or well-being, but may not state that
a dietary supplement will diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent a disease unless
such claim has been reviewed and approved by the FDA. A company that uses a statement of
nutritional support in labeling must possess evidence substantiating that the statement
is truthful and not misleading. In some circumstances it is necessary to disclose on the
label that the FDA has not evaluated the statement, to disclose the product is not
intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent a disease, and to notify the FDA about the
use of the statement within 30 days of marketing the product.
Dietary
supplements are subject to the cGMP requirements that apply to ordinary foods. In
addition, as authorized by DSHEA, the FDA proposed cGMP requirements specifically for
dietary supplements. If these regulations are finalized, they will be more detailed than
the requirements that currently apply.
The
FDAs regulation of marketed nutritional supplements includes monitoring safety, through
measures such as voluntary dietary supplement adverse event reporting, and product
information, such as labeling, claims, package inserts, and accompanying literature. The
Federal Trade Commission regulates dietary supplement advertising.
Product Liability
Insurance
We
maintain product liability insurance on our products that provides coverage of up to
$20,000,000 in the aggregate per year. This insurance is in addition to required product
liability insurance maintained by the manufacturers of our products. We cannot assure you
that product liability claims against us will not exceed that coverage. To date, no
product liability claim has been made against us and we are not aware of any pending or
threatened claim.
Employees
As
of February 28, 2007, we had approximately 300 employees. We also maintain active
independent contractor relationships with various individuals with whom we have
consulting agreements. We believe that our relationships with our employees are good.
None of our employees are subject to a collective bargaining agreement.
Web Site Access to
Filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission
All
of our electronic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including our
Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K
and amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) or 15(d) of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, are made available at no cost through our web site,
www.bradpharm.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material with, or
furnish it to, the SEC. Our SEC filings are also available through the SECs web site at
www.sec.gov.
ITEM 1A: RISK FACTORS
We
provide the following discussion of risks and uncertainties relevant to our business.
These are factors that we think could cause our actual results to differ materially from
expected and historical results. We could also be adversely affected by other factors in
addition to those listed here.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR
BUSINESS
We derive a majority
of our net sales from our core branded products, and any factor that hurts our sales of
these products could reduce our revenues and profitability.
We
derive a majority of our net sales from our core branded products, particularly ADOXA
®
,
KERALAC
®
/ KEROL, and SOLARAZE
®
. Ten of our core branded products accounted for a
total of approximately 87%, 81% and 73% of our net sales for 2006, 2005 and 2004,
respectively. We believe that the net sales of these core products, and line extensions,
if any, of such products, will constitute the majority of our overall net sales for the
foreseeable future unless and until we can develop sales of VEREGEN, ELESTRIN or
other new products. Accordingly, any factor that hurts the sales of our core products,
individually or collectively, could reduce our revenues and profitability. Net sales of
our core branded products could be adversely affected by the following factors, among
others:
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competition
from generic or therapeutically equivalent products;
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the
development of new competitive pharmaceuticals and technological advances to treat the
conditions addressed by our core branded products;
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marketing
or pricing actions by one or more of our competitors;
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effectiveness
of our sales and marketing efforts;
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manufacturing
or supply interruptions;
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legal
or regulatory action by the FDA and other government regulatory agencies,
including changes that could render our products obsolete or otherwise
affect the ability of our sales force to market to prescribing physicians;
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changes
in the prescribing practices of dermatologists, podiatrists and/or gastroenterologists;
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changes
in the reimbursement or substitution policies of third party payers or retail pharmacies;
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product
liability claims; and
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the
outcome of disputes relating to trademarks, patents, license agreements and other rights.
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Our revenues and
profitability would be adversely affected if we cannot launch VEREGEN or ELESTRIN
on a timely basis or if these products are not commercially accepted.
We
plan on launching VEREGEN and ELESTRIN for commercial distribution during 2007.
If, for any reason, our launch of either of these products is delayed, our revenues and
profitability will be adversely affected, which will have a corresponding negative impact
on our business, and would likely negatively affect the market price of our stock.
Factors out of our control that could delay the launch of VEREGEN or ELESTRIN
include manufacturing delays or problems, shortages of active product ingredients and
shipping delays. In addition, our sales of VEREGEN and ELESTRIN will be adversely
affected, and our revenues and profitability will be correspondingly impacted, if
physicians do not accept VEREGEN or ELESTRIN as acceptable treatment alternatives
for patients and do not write prescriptions for these products, our sales and marketing
efforts are ineffective or if the safety or efficacy of VEREGEN or ELESTRIN, on a
commercial scale, is not sustained.
ADOXA
®
net sales
make up a substantial portion of our revenues and profitability and failure to maintain
its sales would reduce our revenues and profitability.
Since
August 2004, we have sold ADOXA
®
, an oral antibiotic indicated for the treatment of
acne that is not patent protected. ADOXA
®
accounted for approximately 32%, 34% and 13%
of our net sales for 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively. The concentration of our net
sales in a single product line makes us particularly dependent on that line. If demand
for ADOXA
®
decreases and we fail to replace those sales, our revenues and profitability
would decrease.
Our sales suffer from
competition by generic or therapeutically equivalent products because we do not have
proprietary protection for most of our existing branded pharmaceutical products.
Most
of our currently marketed products do not have patent or other intellectual property
protections. Therapeutically equivalent products for most of our brands are sold by other
pharmaceutical companies. In addition, governmental and other pressure to reduce
pharmaceutical costs may result in physicians prescribing products for which there are
generic or therapeutically equivalent products. In addition, our branded products for
which there are no generic or therapeutically equivalent forms available may face
competition from different therapeutic treatments used for the same indications for which
our branded products are used. Over the past several years, generic or competitive and
less expensive versions of many of our products have been introduced, including for
different strengths of ADOXA
®
, ZODERM
®
, PAMINE
®
, ANAMANTLE
®
HC and different
formulations of KERALAC
®
, which has resulted in reduced demand and significant
decreases in our net sales of the affected products. In order to maintain our sales, we
may enter into agreements for authorized generic versions of our products and we
implement life cycle management techniques such as creating new formulations and delivery
methods. For example, we authorized generic versions of certain strengths of ADOXA
®
and
we also launched ADOXA PAKS
®
, designed to enhance patient compliance and physician
prescribing. These strategies may not be successful with respect to individual products
or in the aggregate. It is unlikely that once a generic or therapeutically equivalent
product is introduced, we will be able to maintain significant sales of the affected
product. If aggregate demand for ADOXA
®
, KERALAC
®
, ZODERM
®
, ANAMANTLE
®
HC or any
other material product line decreases and we fail to replace
those sales, our revenues and
profitability will decrease, which will have an adverse effect on our business, financial
condition and results of operations and would likely negatively affect the market price
of our stock.
If we cannot purchase
or develop new products and bring them to market, our business could suffer.
In
2006, we refocused our business strategy primarily on in-licensing, developing and
bringing-to-market phase II and phase III drugs with long-term intellectual property
protection. We also intend to grow by expanding our existing, and entering into new,
joint venture relationships and strategic alliances with biotechnology companies.
Although we expect to launch VEREGEN and ELESTRIN in 2007, we cannot assure you
that we will continue to implement our refocused business strategy effectively. Factors
that could limit or restrict our ability to implement our strategy include:
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we
may be unable to identify suitable products, product candidates or potential joint
venture partners within our areas of expertise;
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we
may be unable to license or acquire the relevant technology or enter into
strategic alliances on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate
return from the product or alliance;
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we
may not have the financing to acquire an available or late stage development product;
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we
may not be able to make acquisitions because other bidders may have greater financial
resources;
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potential
product candidates may not receive required regulatory approvals for
marketing or, on further study, be shown to have harmful side effects, not
be efficacious or be less efficacious than existing products or have other
characteristics that indicate they are unlikely to be effective drugs;
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we
may not be able to retain or hire the necessary qualified employees; and
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we
may not be able to gain market acceptance for any products that we do launch.
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While
we anticipate making future acquisitions and entering into development agreements in
accordance with our strategic plan, we might be unable to consummate any such
transactions. Further, we may not achieve anticipated sales levels for newly acquired or
licensed products or internally developed products or line extensions or those sales may
not be profitable. Our failure to do any of these things would have a negative effect on
the growth of our sales and profitability, and on our operations.
We may not be
successful in establishing additional, or expanding existing, joint venture partnerships
or strategic alliances, which could adversely affect our ability to develop and
commercialize products.
An
important element of our business strategy is entering into collaborations for the
development and commercialization of products. If we are unable to reach agreements with
suitable collaborators, we may fail to meet our business objectives. We face significant
competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. We cannot be sure that we will be able
to locate adequate research partners or that supplemental research will be available on
terms acceptable to us. Moreover, these collaboration arrangements are complex, costly to
negotiate and time consuming to document. Further, we may, upon entering into such
agreements, be required to make significant up-front payments to fund the projects. Even
if we are able to enter into collaborations, we cannot assure you that these arrangements
will result in successful product development or commercialization.
Delays in the research
and development or testing processes will cause a corresponding delay in revenue
generation from potential new products developed for or acquired by us, which could
adversely affect our business and our income.
We
expect to rely on our collaborators for the research and development of any Phase II and
Phase III drugs that we may in-license or acquire. For example, under our agreement with
MediGene AG, in addition to VEREGEN, we have acquired rights to additional potential
ointments or other topical formulations containing
green tea catechins for the
treatment of dermatological diseases in humans. We cannot assure you that we will be able
to develop line extensions to our existing brands or any other products or technology,
including any products or line extensions to be developed under the MediGene and BioSante
agreements, in a timely manner, or at all. We evaluate our own and our collaborators
research and development efforts regularly to assess whether our efforts to develop a
particular product or technology are progressing at a rate that justifies our continued
expenditures. On the basis of these evaluations, we have abandoned in the past, and may
abandon in the future, our efforts on a particular product or technology. If we fail to
take a product or technology from the development stage to market on a timely basis or at
all, we may incur significant expenses without any financial return.
If we are not able to
obtain required regulatory approvals, we will not be able to commercialize additional new
product candidates, and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired.
Our
agreements with MediGene and BioSante involve the development of new pharmaceutical
products, which are subject to FDA approval and regulation. As part of our strategy, we
intend to enter into additional agreements to in-license or acquire additional new
pharmaceutical products that will also be subject to FDA approval and regulation. We
cannot assure you that the FDA will approve any products or applicable line extensions we
develop in a timely fashion, or at all. Failure to obtain regulatory approval for any of
our product candidates will prevent us from commercializing it.
We
have limited experience in filing and prosecuting the applications necessary to gain
regulatory approvals. We will also be relying at least in part on our strategic
collaborators and partners, and contract research organizations, to file and prosecute
the appropriate applications. Securing FDA approval requires the submission of extensive
preclinical and clinical data, information about product manufacturing processes and
inspection of facilities and supporting information to the FDA for each therapeutic
indication to establish the product candidates safety and efficacy. Our future products
may not be efficacious, may be only moderately efficacious or may prove to have
undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that may
preclude our obtaining regulatory approval or prevent or limit commercial use.
The
process of obtaining regulatory approvals is expensive, often takes many years, if
approval is obtained at all, and can vary substantially based upon, among other things,
the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved. Changes in the
regulatory approval policy during the development period, changes in, or the enactment of
additional, statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review for each submitted
product application, may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application.
The
FDA, and comparable authorities in other countries, have substantial discretion in the
approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data is
insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other studies.
In addition, varying interpretations of the data obtained from preclinical and clinical
testing could influence how a product candidate is classified and delay, limit or prevent
regulatory approval of a product candidate. Any regulatory approval we ultimately obtain
may be limited or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render the
product not commercially viable.
Even
if regulatory approval of a product is granted, the approval may be subject to
limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the
conditions of approval, or contain requirements for costly post-marketing testing and
surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product.
The manufacture and
packaging of pharmaceutical products are subject to the requirements of the FDA and
similar foreign regulatory bodies. If our third party manufacturers fail to satisfy these
requirements, our product development and commercialization efforts may be materially
harmed.
The
manufacture and packaging of pharmaceutical products such as VEREGEN, ELESTRIN
and SOLARAZE
®
, as well as our other current and possible future products, are regulated
by the FDA and similar foreign regulatory bodies and must be conducted in accordance with
the FDAs cGMPs and comparable requirements of foreign regulatory bodies. Independent
companies manufacture and supply all of our products. Failure by our third party
manufacturers to comply with applicable regulations, requirements or guidelines could
result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties,
failure of regulatory authorities to grant marketing approval of our products, delays,
suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation,
seizures or recalls of product,
operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and
adversely affect our business.
Changes
in the manufacturing process or procedure, including a change in the location where the
product is manufactured or a change of a third party manufacturer, require prior FDA
review and/or approval of the manufacturing process and procedures in accordance with the
FDAs cGMP. This review may be costly and time consuming and could delay or prevent the
launch of a product or the use of a facility to manufacture a product. Any such change in
facility would be subject to a pre-approval inspection by the FDA and the FDA would again
require demonstration of product comparability. Foreign regulatory agencies have similar
requirements.
The
FDA and similar foreign regulatory bodies may also implement new standards, or change
their interpretation and enforcement of existing standards and requirements, for
manufacture, packaging or testing of products at any time. If we or the manufacturers of
our products are unable to comply, we, and they, may be subject to regulatory
enforcement, civil actions or penalties, which could significantly and adversely affect
our business, and any such change may lead to an increase in cost of goods.
If VEREGEN,
ELESTRIN or other new product offerings fail to achieve market acceptance, the
revenues that we generate from their sales will be limited and our profitability could be
affected.
Market
acceptance of our products and any new products for which we obtain marketing approval
from the FDA or other regulatory authorities will depend upon the acceptance of these
products by physicians, patients and healthcare payors. Safety, efficacy, convenience and
cost-effectiveness, particularly as compared to competitive products, are the primary
factors that affect market acceptance. Physicians may elect to not recommend using our
products for any number of other reasons, including whether our products best meet the
particular needs of the individual patient. Even if a product displays a favorable
efficacy and safety profile in clinical trials, market acceptance of the product will not
be known until after it is launched.
We
have not yet begun to formally market VEREGEN or ELESTRIN. Our efforts to educate
the medical community and third-party healthcare payors on the benefits of these or any
of our future products will require significant resources, including the hiring of
additional sales representatives and training of the sales force about the benefits and
risks of our products, and may never be successful. In the case of VEREGEN, we will
also need to educate the medical community and third-party healthcare payors about
catechins extracted from green tea, a novel active ingredient, and there can be no
assurance that this novel active ingredient will find market acceptance.
If
our products fail to achieve and maintain market acceptance, or if new products or
technologies are introduced by others that are more favorably received than our products,
or if we are otherwise unable to market and sell our products successfully, our business,
financial condition, results of operations and future growth will suffer.
The introduction of
line extensions of our existing products or of new products that compete with our
existing products, or unanticipated generic competition, could result in unexpected
changes in our estimates for future product returns and reserves for obsolete inventory,
which would adversely affect our operating results.
One
of the principal strategies we employ to offset the impact of generic competition
affecting our products is the introduction of line extensions of our existing products to
create marketing advantages and extend the life cycles of our products. From time-to-time
we may seek to introduce line extensions on an expedited basis before we are able to
reduce the levels of inventories of product that may be rendered obsolete or otherwise
adversely affected by the line extension. This may require us to increase our estimate
for returns of product on hand at wholesalers, which is recorded as a reduction of our
net sales, and increase our reserve for inventory in our warehouse, which is recorded as
a cost of sales. Accordingly, generic competition and the introduction of line extensions
may adversely affect our operating results.
We depend on a limited
number of customers, and if we lose any of them, our business could be harmed. Further
consolidation of wholesalers of pharmaceutical products can negatively affect our
distribution terms and sales of our products.
Our
four largest customers, who are all wholesalers, accounted for an aggregate of
approximately 97%, 90% and 91% of our gross trade accounts receivable at December 31,
2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively. The following table presents a summary of gross sales
to our four largest customers as a percentage of our total gross sales:
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Years Ended December 31,
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Customer
(1)
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2004
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2005
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2006
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AmerisourceBergen Corporation
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15
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%
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13
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%
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13
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%
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Cardinal Health, Inc.
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36
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%
|
40
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%
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36
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%
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McKesson Corporation
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25
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%
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29
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%
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32
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%
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Quality King Distributors, Inc
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11
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%
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1
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%
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2
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%
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(1)
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No
other customer had a percentage of the Companys total gross sales greater than
5% during the periods.
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The loss of any of
these customers accounts or a reduction in their purchases could harm our business,
financial condition or results of operations. In addition, we may face pricing pressures
from these customers.
In
recent years, the distribution network for pharmaceutical products has been subject to
increasing consolidation. As a result, a few large wholesalers control a significant
share of the market. Consequently, there are fewer channels for wholesale and retail
pharmaceutical distribution than were historically available. Accordingly, we depend on
fewer wholesalers for our products and we are less able to negotiate price terms with
wholesalers. Although we believe that this consolidation among wholesalers will
ultimately reduce our distribution costs, our inability to aggressively negotiate price
terms with them over the long term could inhibit our efforts to improve our profit
margins or sales levels. Additional consolidation among pharmaceutical wholesalers could
limit our ability to compete effectively.
We are subject to
chargebacks and rebates when our products are resold to or reimbursed by governmental
agencies and managed care buying groups, which may reduce our future profit margins.
Chargebacks
and rebates are the difference between the prices at which we sell our products to
wholesalers and the price that third party payors, such as governmental agencies and
managed care buying groups, ultimately pay pursuant to fixed price contracts. Medicare,
Medicaid and reimbursement legislation or programs regulate drug coverage and
reimbursement levels for most of the population in the United States. Federal law
requires all pharmaceutical manufacturers to rebate a percentage of their revenue arising
from Medicaid-reimbursed drug sales to individual states. Some of our products are
subject to rebates of up to the greater of 15.1% of the average manufacturer price or the
difference between the average manufacturer price and the lowest manufacturer price
during a specified period. We record an estimate of the amount either to be charged back
to us or rebated to the end-users at the time of sale to the wholesaler. Over recent
years, the pharmaceutical industry in general has accepted the managed care system of
chargebacks and rebates. Managed care organizations increasingly began using these
chargebacks and rebates as a method to reduce overall costs in drug procurement. Levels
of chargebacks and rebates have increased momentum and caused a greater need for more
sophisticated tracking and data gathering to confirm sales at contract prices to
third-party payors with respect to related sales to wholesalers. We record an accrual for
chargebacks and rebates based upon factors including current contract prices, historical
chargeback and rebate rates and actual chargebacks and rebates claimed. The amount of
actual chargebacks claimed could, however, be higher than the amounts we accrue, and
could reduce our profit margins during the period in which claims are made.
If our estimates for
returned products are incorrect, there may be a materially adverse impact on our net
sales as well as an impact on our operating results.
In
the pharmaceutical industry, customers are normally granted the right to return product
for a refund if the product has not been used by its expiration date, which is typically
two to three years from the date of manufacture. Our return policy typically allows
product returns for products within an eighteen-month window from six months prior to the
expiration date to up to twelve months after the expiration date. Our return policy
conforms to industry standard practices. Management is required to estimate the level of
sales that will ultimately be returned pursuant to our return policy and to record a
related reserve at the time of sale. These amounts are deducted from our gross sales to
determine our net sales. We believe that we have sufficient data to estimate future
returns at the time of sale. Management periodically reviews the allowances for returns
and adjusts them based on actual experience. In order to reasonably estimate future
returns, we analyze both quantitative and qualitative information including, but not
limited to, actual return rates by product, the level of product in the distribution
channel, expected shelf life of the product, product demand, the introduction of
competitive or generic products that may erode current demand, our new product launches
and general economic and industry wide indicators. If we over or under estimate the level
of sales that will ultimately be returned, there may be a material impact to our
operating results.
Distribution Service
Agreements (DSAs) with our wholesalers have affected our sales and product returns and
may result in us paying an additional service fee to the wholesalers in the future.
We
have entered into DSAs with three wholesale customers, two of whom are our largest two
customers, McKesson and Cardinal. The third wholesaler is Kinray. Our DSAs with McKesson,
Cardinal and Kinray became effective during 2004, 2004, and 2006, respectively. The terms
of these DSAs require us to pay fees for product distribution, inventory management and
administrative services that are offset by any price appreciation of the inventory that
these wholesalers have on hand and also by any discounts that we give them for new
product promotions. In return for these fees, these wholesalers are generally obligated
to maintain their inventory levels to an agreed upon months-on-hand and to provide us
with monthly inventory and sales reports. The increased visibility afforded by these DSAs
provides us with greater sales and inventory predictability and the improved ability to
match sales with underlying demand. The initial effects of our executing DSAs were that
each wholesaler initially reduced its inventory of our products and our sales to them
decreased and product returns increased. During 2006, we continued to experience
substantial product returns from McKesson and Cardinal that we believe are partially attributable
to the DSAs. As a result of the DSAs, we expensed an aggregate of $2,042,838 in service
fees during 2006.
Because we rely on
independent manufacturers for our products, any production or regulatory problems these
third parties experience could be disruptive to our inventory supply.
We
do not own or operate any manufacturing or production facilities and all of our products
are manufactured and supplied to us by independent companies. Many of these companies
also manufacture and supply products for some of our competitors. We do not have
licensing or other supply agreements with some of these manufacturers or suppliers for
our products, and therefore, some of them could terminate their relationship with us at
any time, thereby hampering our ability to deliver and sell the manufactured product to
our customers and negatively affecting our operating margins. From time to time, we have
experienced delays in shipments from some of our vendors due to production management or
supply problems. Although we believe we can obtain replacement manufacturers, if
necessary, the absence of agreements with some of our present suppliers may interrupt our
ability to sell our products and adversely affect our present and future sales. Any
delays in manufacturing or shipping products, including any customs or related issues,
may affect our product supply and ultimately have a negative impact on our sales and
profitability.
All
manufacturers of pharmaceutical products sold in the United States must comply with cGMP
requirements and manufacturing operations and processes are subject to FDA inspection.
Failure to comply with cGMP requirements can lead to the shutdown of a facility, the
seizure of product distributed by that the facility and other sanctions. If we wish or
need to identify an alternate manufacturer, delays in obtaining FDA approval of the
replacement manufacturing facility could cause an interruption in the supply of our
products. Although we have business interruption insurance covering the loss of income
for up to $4,060,000, this insurance may not be sufficient to compensate us for any
interruption of this kind. As a result, the loss of a manufacturer could cause a
reduction in our sales, margins and market share, as well as harm our overall business.
Any disruption in the
supply of raw materials for our products or an increase in the cost of raw materials to
our manufacturers could have a significant effect on their ability to supply us with our
products and could adversely affect our sales.
We,
and the manufacturers of our products, rely on suppliers of raw materials used in the
production of our products. Some of these materials, including the active ingredient in
VEREGEN, ELESTRIN, PAMINE
®
and SOLARAZE
®
, are available from only one source
or a limited number of sources. We try to maintain inventory levels that are no greater
than necessary to meet our current projections. Any interruption in the supply of
finished products could hinder our ability to timely distribute finished products. If we
are unable to obtain adequate product supplies to satisfy our customers orders, we may
lose those orders and our customers may cancel other orders and stock and sell competing
products. This, in turn, could cause a loss of our market share and reduce our revenues.
We
cannot be certain that supply interruptions will not occur or that our inventories of
products will always be adequate. Numerous factors could cause interruptions in the
supply of our finished products including:
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timing,
scheduling and prioritization of production by our current manufacturers;
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changes
in our sources for manufacturing;
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the
timing and delivery of domestic and international shipments;
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failure
to meet regulatory requirements for imports or exports;
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our
failure to locate and obtain replacement manufacturers as needed on a timely basis; and
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conditions
affecting the cost and availability of raw materials.
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If we cannot sell our
products in amounts greater than our minimum purchase requirements under some of our
supply agreements or sell our products in accordance with our forecasts, our results of
operations and cash flows may be adversely affected.
Some
of our supply agreements require us to purchase certain minimum levels of active
ingredients or finished goods. If we are unable to maintain market exclusivity for our
products, if our product life-cycle management is not successful, if we fail to sell our
products in accordance with the forecasts we develop as required by our supply agreements
or if we do not terminate supply agreements at optimal times for us, we may incur losses
in connection with the purchase commitments under the supply agreements or purchase
orders. In the event we incur losses in connection with the purchase commitments under
the supply agreements or purchase orders, there may be a material adverse effect upon our
results of operations and cash flows.
We selectively
outsource some of our non-sales and non-marketing services, and cannot assure you that we
will be able to obtain these services on acceptable terms.
To
enable us to focus on our core marketing and sales activities, we selectively outsource
non-sales and non-marketing functions, such as product and clinical research,
manufacturing and warehousing. As we expand our activities in these areas, we expect to
use additional financial resources. Typically, we do not enter into long-term contracts
for our non-sales and non-marketing functions. Whether or not long-term contracts exist,
we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain these services or products in a
timely fashion, on acceptable terms, or at all.
We may need additional
financing to implement our business strategy, which may not be available on terms
acceptable to us.
In
order to implement our business strategy, and to grow through in-licensing of products
and other acquisitions and product enhancement, we may need additional financing. Our
ability to grow is dependent upon,
and may be limited by, among other
things, the availability of satisfactory financing arrangements. Our existing credit
facility restricts our ability to incur indebtedness and our ability to grant liens upon,
and security interests in, our assets, including our intellectual property. As a result,
we may not be able to obtain the additional capital necessary to pursue our business
strategy. In addition, even if we can obtain additional financing, that financing may not
be on terms that are satisfactory to us. We intend to finance any new licensing or
acquisitions from one or more of the following:
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existing
working capital and positive cash flow from operations;
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issuing
equity securities.
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If
we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our then-existing stockholders
could experience dilution and the terms of any new equity securities may have preferences
over our common stock.
We have outstanding
indebtedness, which could adversely affect our financial condition.
Our
total consolidated long term debt, including current maturities, arising solely from the
term loan portion of our $110 million credit facility, was approximately $69 million as
of December 31, 2006. For a discussion of our financial condition at December 31,
2006, see Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations- Liquidity and Capital Resources included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
Under this facility, we have granted to the lenders a lien on substantially all of our
current and future property, including our intellectual property.
The
degree to which we are indebted could have important consequences to you because, among
other things:
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a
substantial portion of our cash flow from operations could be required to be
dedicated to interest and principal payments and may not be available for
operations, working capital, capital expenditures, expansion, acquisitions or
general corporate or other purposes;
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our
ability to obtain financing in the future may be impaired;
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our
ability to pay dividends to holders of our common stock may be restricted;
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we
may be more highly leveraged than some of our competitors, which may place us at a
competitive disadvantage;
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our
flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and industry may be
limited; and
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we
may be more vulnerable in the event of a downturn in our business, our industry or the
economy in general.
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We
cannot assure you that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or
that future borrowings will be available in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our
debt or to fund our other liquidity needs. Our ability to make payments on and, if
necessary, to refinance our debt will also be influenced by general economic, business,
financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors beyond our control. We
may need to refinance all or a portion of our debt as a result of a default, or
otherwise, on or before maturity. We cannot assure you that we would be able to refinance
any of our debt, including the debt under our credit facility, on commercially reasonable
terms or at all.
Further,
based upon our current projections, we expect to be in default under the fixed coverage
charge ratio set forth in our current syndicated credit facility beginning in the Third
Quarter of 2007. As a result of the projected default, the desire to reduce the interest
rates charged under the facility and to provide us increased
flexibility to potentially enter
into future licensing, acquisition or other similar transactions, we currently expect to
enter into a new credit facility prior to the Third Quarter of 2007.
We may be subject to
product liability claims, and if we do not have adequate insurance coverage, we could
face substantial losses and legal costs, and our reputation could suffer.
Pharmaceutical
and health related products, such as those we market, may carry health risks. In the case
of new products, such as VEREGEN and ELESTRIN, those risks may not become fully
known until the product has been commercially available in the market for a period of
time. Consequently, consumers may bring product liability claims against us. We maintain
product liability insurance on our products that provides coverage of up to $20,000,000
in the aggregate per year. This insurance is in addition to the required product
liability insurance maintained by the manufacturers of our products. We cannot assure you
that product liability claims will not exceed that coverage or that our reputation will
not suffer as a result of any claims. If insurance does not fully fund any product
liability claim, or if we are unable to recover damages from the manufacturer of a
product that may have caused such injury, we must pay such claims from our own funds. We
may also incur substantial litigation costs to defend such claims, even if the claims are
without merit. Any such payment or costs could have a detrimental effect on our financial
condition. In addition, we may not be able to maintain our product liability insurance at
reasonable premium rates, if at all.
If we suffer negative
publicity concerning the safety of our products, our sales may be harmed and we may be
forced to withdraw products.
Physicians
and potential patients may have a number of concerns about the safety of our products,
whether or not such concerns have a basis in generally accepted science or peer-reviewed
scientific research. Negative publicity, whether accurate or inaccurate, concerning our
products could reduce market or governmental acceptance of our products and could result
in decreased product demand or product withdrawal. In addition, significant negative
publicity could result in an increased number of product liability claims.
Rising insurance costs
could negatively impact profitability.
The
cost of insurance, including workers compensation, product liability and general
liability insurance, has risen significantly in recent years and may increase in the
future. In addition, as a result of the SEC inquiry, the restatement of our financial
results for the quarter ended September 30, 2004, the federal securities class action
lawsuit and federal and state derivative shareholder lawsuits, the cost of our directors
and officers insurance has increased and could continue to increase. In response to
increased premiums, we may increase deductibles and/or decrease certain coverages to
mitigate these costs. These increases, and our increased risk due to increased
deductibles and reduced coverages, could have a negative impact on our results of
operations, financial condition and cash flows.
The loss of our key
personnel could limit our ability to operate our business successfully.
We
are highly dependent on the principal members of our management staff, the loss of whose
services we believe would impede the achievement of our business strategy and objectives.
We may not be able to attract and retain key personnel on acceptable terms. Many of our
key managerial, operational and scientific personnel would be difficult to replace. The
loss of such personnels services could delay the acquisition or development of products,
the achievement of our business objectives and limit our ability to operate our business
successfully.
RISKS RELATED TO
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Our intellectual
property rights might not afford us with meaningful protection.
We
have recently refocused our business strategy, which anticipates greater investment in
products with intellectual property protections. However, other than patents with respect
to SOLARAZE
®
, VEREGEN and ELESTRIN, we do not have meaningful patents or patent
applications pending with respect to any other material products currently sold by us,
including ADOXA
®
. We mainly rely on unpatented proprietary technologies in the
development and commercialization of
our products. We also depend upon the unpatentable skills, knowledge and experience of
our scientific and technical personnel, as well as those of our advisors, consultants and
other contractors. To help protect our proprietary know-how that is not patentable, and
for inventions for which patents may be difficult to enforce, we often use trade secret
protection and confidentiality agreements to protect our interests. These agreements may
not effectively prevent disclosure of confidential information or result in the effective
assignment to us of intellectual property, and may not provide an adequate remedy to us
in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information or other breaches of
the agreements. In addition, others may independently develop similar or equivalent trade
secrets or know-how.
The
ownership of a patent or an interest in a patent does not always provide significant
protection and the patents and applications in which we have an interest may be
challenged as to their validity or enforceability. Other market participants may
independently develop similar technologies or design around the patented aspects of our
technology. Challenges to the patents for SOLARAZE
®
, VEREGEN or ELESTRIN or
other products for which we may obtain rights may result in significant harm to our
business. The cost of responding to these challenges and the inherent costs to defend the
validity of our patents, including the prosecution of infringements and the related
litigation, could be substantial. Such litigation also could require a substantial
commitment of managements time, which would detract from the time available to be spent
maintaining and developing our business. Because marketing patent protected products
represents a new business strategy for us, the cost of analyzing and responding to
intellectual property related challenges may be amplified by our lack of experience with
this business model.
We could be sued
regarding the intellectual and proprietary rights of others, which could seriously harm
our business and cost us a significant amount of time and money.
Historically,
we have only conducted patent searches on a limited basis due to the maturity of our
existing products. As a result, the products and technologies we currently market, and
those we may market in the future may infringe on patents and other rights owned by
others. We also conduct trademark searches. However, the products we currently market,
and those we may market in the future, may infringe on trademarks and other rights owned
by others. If we are unsuccessful in any challenge to the marketing and sale of our
products, technologies or brands, we may be required to license the disputed rights, if
the holder of those rights is willing, or to cease marketing the challenged product, or
to modify our products or brand names to avoid infringing upon those rights.
Although
we believe that our product lines and brand names do not infringe on the intellectual
property rights of others, infringement claims may be asserted against us in the future,
and if asserted, an infringement claim might not be successfully defended. The costs of
responding to infringement claims could be substantial and could require a substantial
commitment of managements time and resources.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR
INDUSTRY
We face significant
competition within our industry.
The
specialty pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive. Many of our competitors are
larger and more well-established. Our competitors include Axcan Pharma, Barrier
Therapeutics, CollaGenex Pharmaceuticals, Graceway Pharmaceuticals, King
Pharmaceuticals, Medicis, Salix Pharmaceuticals, Sciele Pharma, Stiefel Laboratories,
Valeant Pharmaceuticals and Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. Many of these companies have greater
resources than we do to devote to marketing, sales, research and development and
acquisitions. As a result, they have a greater ability than us to undertake more
extensive research and development, marketing and pricing policy programs. In addition,
many of these competitors have greater name-recognition than we do among purchasers of
pharmaceutical products, and in some cases, they have a reputation for producing
highly-effective products.
In
addition to competition from existing products, it is also possible that our competitors
may develop and bring new products to market before us, or may develop new technologies
that improve existing products, new products that provide the same benefits as existing
products at less cost, or new products that provide benefits superior to those of
existing products. These competitors also may develop products that make our current or
future products obsolete. Our competitors may also make technological advances reducing
their cost of production so that
they may engage in price competition
through aggressive pricing policies to secure a greater market share to our detriment.
Any of these events could have a significant negative impact on our business and
financial results, including reductions in our market share.
Failure to comply with
government regulations could affect our ability to operate our business.
Virtually
all aspects of our activities are regulated by federal and state statutes and government
agencies. The research, manufacturing, processing, formulation, packaging, labeling,
distribution, advertising and marketing of our products, and disposal of waste products
arising from these activities, are subject to regulation by one or more federal agencies,
including the FDA, the Federal Trade Commission, the Consumer Product Safety Commission,
the United States Department of Agriculture, the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, and the Environmental Protection Agency, as well as by foreign
governments in countries where we distribute some of our products.
Noncompliance
with applicable FDA or other government policies or requirements could subject us to
enforcement actions, such as suspensions of distribution, seizure of products, product
recalls, fines, whistleblower lawsuits, criminal penalties, injunctions, failure to
approve pending drug product applications or withdrawal of product marketing approvals.
Similar civil or criminal penalties could be imposed by other government agencies or
various agencies of the states and localities in which our products are manufactured,
sold or distributed and could have ramifications for our contracts with government
agencies. These enforcement actions would detract from managements ability to focus on
our daily business and would have an adverse effect on the way we conduct our daily
business, which could severely impact future profitability.
If we market products
in a manner that violates health care fraud and abuse laws, we may be subject to civil or
criminal penalties.
Federal
health care program anti-kickback statutes prohibit, among other things, knowingly and
willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration to induce, or in return
for purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any
health care item or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid, or other federally
financed health care programs. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements
between pharmaceutical manufacturers on one hand and prescribers, patients, purchasers
and formulary managers on the other. Although there are a number of statutory exemptions
and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution, the
exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration
intended to induce prescribing, purchasing, or recommending may be subject to scrutiny if
they do not qualify for an exemption or safe harbor.
Federal
false claims laws prohibit any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be
presented, a false claim for payment to the federal government, or knowingly making, or
causing to be made, a false statement to get a false claim paid. Pharmaceutical companies
have been prosecuted under these laws for a variety of alleged promotional and marketing
activities, such as allegedly providing free product to customers with the expectation
that the customers would bill federal programs for the product; reporting to pricing
services inflated average wholesale prices that were then used by federal programs to set
reimbursement rates; engaging in promotion for uses that the FDA has not approved, or
off-label uses, that caused claims to be submitted to Medicaid for non-covered off-label
uses; and submitting inflated best price information to the Medicaid Rebate Program.
The
majority of states also have statutes or regulations similar to the federal anti-kickback
law and false claims laws, which apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid
and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor. Sanctions
under these federal and state laws may include civil monetary penalties, exclusion of a
manufacturers products from reimbursement under government programs, criminal fines, and
imprisonment. Even if we are not determined to have violated these laws, government
investigations into these issues typically require the expenditure of significant
resources and generate negative publicity, which would also harm our financial condition.
Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the safe harbors, it is
possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or
more of such laws.
The FDA may change its
enforcement policies and take action against products marketed without an approved
application such as some of our products.
New
prescription drugs must be the subject of an FDA-approved application before they may be
marketed in the United States. Certain other drugs may be marketed over the counter, or
OTC, under special regulations issued by the FDA known as OTC monographs. Certain of our
current drugs that we and others market are not the subject of an approved application or
an OTC monograph.
The
FDA has recognized that there are numerous, perhaps thousands, of such drug products
currently on the market without FDA approvals or authorizations. These include
principally products that first came on the market without an NDA prior to changes in the
food and drug laws in 1962, and new products that have come on the market since that time
on the grounds that they are identical, similar, or related to pre-1962 products. The FDA
has stated that these unapproved products are new drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act and thus require an effective approval in order to be introduced into
interstate commerce. However, the FDA also acknowledges that many of these products have
been marketed and prescribed for years without raising any safety or effectiveness
issues, and thus has established policies stating the circumstances under which it will
exercise its enforcement discretion and not take action against an otherwise unapproved
new drug. The FDA has recently stated its intent to increase enforcement activities in
this area and has taken action against certain drugs, none of which are ours, pursuant to
its established enforcement policies primarily on the basis of safety concerns.
Many
of our brands, including KERALAC
®
, KEROL, CARMOL
®
40, ROSULA
®
, ZODERM
®
,
SELSEB
®
, LIDAMANTLE
®
and ANAMANTLE
®
, are marketed in the United States without an
FDA-approved marketing application under FDAs established enforcement policies on the
grounds that they are identical, related, or similar to products that existed on the
market prior to 1962. Any change in the FDAs enforcement discretion and/or policies
could prevent us from continuing to market these products without incurring the expense
and delay of obtaining an approval, alter the way we have to conduct our business, and
severely affect our future profitability. In addition, if a competitor submits an NDA to
the FDA for any of these drugs, the FDA may require us also to file an NDA or an ANDA for
that same drug in order to continue marketing it in the United States. Similarly, if the
FDA issues a final OTC monograph covering one of the products we currently market on a
prescription basis, we may be required to sell the product under the monograph on an OTC
basis, which could significantly affect our future profitability.
State pharmaceutical
marketing compliance and reporting requirements may expose us to regulatory and legal
action by state governments or other government authorities.
In
recent years, several states and localities, including California, the District of
Columbia, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, Ohio, Rhode Island,
Vermont, and West Virginia, have enacted legislation requiring pharmaceutical companies
to establish marketing compliance programs, and file periodic reports with the state or
make periodic public disclosures on sales, marketing, pricing, clinical trials, and other
activities. Similar legislation is being considered in other states. Many of these
requirements are new and uncertain, and the penalties for failure to comply with these
requirements are unclear. We are not aware of any companies against which fines or
penalties have been assessed under these special state reporting and disclosure laws to
date. We are currently in the process of developing a formal compliance infrastructure
and standard operating procedures to comply with such laws. Unless we are in full
compliance with these laws, we could face enforcement action and fines and other
penalties, and could receive adverse publicity.
New legislation or
regulatory proposals may adversely affect our revenues.
A
number of legislative and regulatory proposals aimed at changing or amending the way in
which health care services and products are provided and paid for in the United States,
including the cost of prescription products, importation and reimportation of
prescription products from countries outside the United States and changes in the amounts
at which pharmaceutical companies are reimbursed for sales of their products, have been
proposed. While we cannot predict when or whether any of these proposals will be adopted,
or the effect these proposals may have on our business, the pending nature of these
proposals, as well as the adoption of any amendment or change in existing applicable laws
and regulations, may exacerbate industry-wide pricing pressures and could have a material
adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash
flows. For example, in 2000, Congress
directed the Department of Health
and Human Services to issue regulations allowing the reimportation of approved drugs
originally manufactured in the United States back into the United States from other
countries where the drugs were sold at a lower price. Although the Secretary of Health
and Human Services has not acted to implement this directive, the House of
Representatives passed a similar bill in January 2003 that would have permitted
reimportation to take effect without the action of the Secretary of the Department of
Health and Human Services. This bill as well as other reimportation bills have not yet
resulted in any new laws or regulations. Enactment of any of these proposed bills and
other initiatives could decrease the reimbursement amount we receive for our products.
Additionally,
sales of our products in the United States could be adversely affected by the importation
into the U.S. of foreign manufactured products that some may deem equivalent to our
product and that are available outside the United States at lower prices than in the
United States. Most of these foreign imports into the U.S. are illegal under current law.
However, the volume of imports continues to rise due to the limited enforcement resources
of the FDA and the U.S. Customs Service, and there is increased political pressure to
permit the imports as a mechanism for expanding access to lower priced medicines. In
addition, state and local governments have suggested that they may import or facilitate
the import of drugs from Canada for employees covered by state health plans or others,
and some already have put such plans in place.
Changes in Medicare,
Medicaid or similar governmental programs or the amounts paid by those programs for our
products may adversely affect our earnings.
Medicare,
Medicaid or similar governmental programs are highly regulated, and subject to frequent
and substantial changes and cost containment measures. In recent years, changes in these
programs have limited and reduced reimbursement to providers. The Medicare Prescription
Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 or MMA, created a new, voluntary
prescription drug benefit under the Social Security Act, or Part D Medicare Drug Benefit.
Beginning in 2006, Medicare beneficiaries entitled to Part A or enrolled in Part B, as
well as certain other Medicare enrollees, became eligible and began enrolling for the
Part D Medicare Drug Benefit. In addition, the MMA requires that the Federal Trade
Commission conduct a study and make recommendations regarding additional legislation that
may be needed concerning the Medicare Drug Benefit. We are unable at this time to predict
or estimate the financial impact of this new legislation or these regulations.
Changes in the
reimbursement policies of managed care organizations and other third party payors may
reduce our gross margins.
Our
operating results and business success depend in large part on the availability of
adequate third party payor reimbursement to patients for our prescription brand products.
These third party payors include governmental entities, such as Medicaid, private health
insurers and managed care organizations. A majority of the United States population now
participates in some version of managed care. Because of the size of the patient
population covered by managed care organizations, marketing of prescription drugs to them
and the pharmacy benefit managers that serve many of these organizations has become
important to our business. Managed care organizations and other third party payors try to
negotiate the pricing of medical services and products to control their costs. Managed
care organizations and pharmacy benefit managers typically develop formularies to reduce
their cost for medications. Formularies can be based on the prices and therapeutic
benefits of the available products. Due to their lower costs, generic products are often
favored. The breadth of the products covered by formularies varies considerably from one
managed care organization to another, and many formularies include alternative and
competitive products for treatment of particular medical conditions. Exclusion of a
product from a formulary can lead to its sharply reduced usage in the managed care
organization patient population. Payment or reimbursement of only a portion of the cost
of our prescription products could make our products less attractive to patients,
suppliers and prescribing physicians. Changes in the reimbursement policies of these
entities could prevent our branded pharmaceutical products from competing on a price
basis. If our products are not included within an adequate number of formularies or if
adequate reimbursement levels are not provided, or if reimbursement policies increasingly
favor generic products, our market share, our gross margins and our overall business and
financial condition could be negatively affected. While we focus on the inclusion of our
products in these formularies, this marketing channel is highly competitive and we cannot
assure that a significant percentage of our core products will be covered by the
formularies of the major managed care organizations and pharmacy benefit managers.
Moreover,
some of our products are not of a type generally eligible for reimbursement, primarily
due to either the products market share being too low to be considered, cheaper generics
being available, or because the product is available without a prescription. It is also
possible that products manufactured by others could have the same effects as our products
and be subject to reimbursement. If this were the case, some of our products might become
too costly to patients.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR
COMMON STOCK
Shareholder lawsuits
could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and liquidity.
We,
along with certain of our officers and directors, were named defendants in thirteen
federal securities lawsuits that were consolidated on May 5, 2005 in the United States
District Court for the District of New Jersey. The plaintiffs allege violations of
Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5
promulgated thereunder, arising out of disclosures made to the market that plaintiffs
allege were materially false and misleading. Plaintiffs also allege that we and the
individual defendants falsely recognized revenue. Additionally, two related New Jersey
state court shareholder derivative actions were filed on April 29, 2005 and May 11, 2005
against certain of our officers and directors alleging breach of fiduciary duty and other
claims arising out of substantially the same allegations made in the federal securities
class action. Further, a federal shareholder derivative action was filed against us and
certain of our officers and directors alleging breach of fiduciary duties arising out of
the SEC inquiry and the restatement of our financial results for the quarter ended
September 30, 2004 and violations of Delaware law regarding annual meetings. On July 14,
2006, the plaintiff filed an amended complaint alleging a sole count for breach of
fiduciary duties arising out of substantially the same allegations made in the federal
securities class action lawsuit. These proceedings have resulted, and are expected to
continue to result, in a diversion of managements attention and resources and in
significant professional fees. These professional fees have substantially increased, and
in the near term may continue to substantially increase, our cash needs.
We
have certain obligations to indemnify our officers and directors and to advance expenses
to such officers and directors. Although we have purchased liability insurance for our
directors and officers, if our insurance carriers should deny coverage, or if the
indemnification costs exceed the insurance coverage, we may be forced to bear some or all
of these indemnification costs directly, which could be substantial and may have an
adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash
flows. If the cost of our liability insurance increases significantly, or if this
insurance becomes unavailable, we may not be able to maintain or increase our levels of
insurance coverage for our directors and officers, which could make it difficult to
attract or retain qualified directors and officers.
We
are not able to estimate the amount of any damages that may arise from these legal
proceedings and the internal efforts associated with defending ourselves and our officers
and directors. If we are unsuccessful in defending ourselves, these lawsuits could
adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows
as a result of the damages that we would be required to pay. It is possible that our
insurance policies either may not cover potential claims of this type or may not be
adequate to indemnify us for all liability that may be imposed. While we believe that the
allegations and claims made in these lawsuits are wholly without merit and intend to
defend these actions vigorously, we cannot be certain that we will be successful in any
or all of these actions.
Concerns
with respect to the circumstances surrounding our pending litigations may have created
uncertainty regarding our ability to focus on our business operations and remain
competitive with other companies in our industry. Because of this uncertainty, we may
have difficulty retaining critical personnel or replacing personnel who leave us.
Securities class
action and shareholder derivative lawsuits due to stock price volatility or other factors
could cause us to incur substantial costs and divert managements attention and resources.
Securities
class action and shareholder derivative lawsuits have often been brought against
companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their securities and we
are currently the subject of such lawsuits. Due to the volatility of our stock price, we
could be the target of further securities litigation in the future.
Securities
class action and shareholder derivative lawsuits are often expensive and time consuming
and their outcome may be uncertain. Any additional claims, whether successful or not,
could require us to devote significant amounts of monetary or human resources to defend
ourselves and could harm our reputation. We may need to spend significant amounts on our
legal defense and senior management may be required to divert their attention from other
portions of our business, which could materially and adversely affect our business,
financial condition and results of operations. If, as a result of any proceeding, a
judgment is rendered or a decree is entered against us, it may materially and adversely
affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and harm our
reputation.
We could be subject to
fines, penalties, or other sanctions as a result of the inquiry by the SEC.
In
December 2004, we were advised by the staff of the SEC that it is conducting an informal
inquiry relating to us to determine whether there have been violations of the federal
securities laws. In connection with the inquiry, the SEC staff has requested that we
provide it with certain information and documents, including with respect to revenue
recognition and capitalization of certain payments. We are cooperating with this inquiry,
however, we are unable at this point to predict the final scope or outcome of the
inquiry, and it is possible it could result in civil injunctive or criminal proceedings,
the imposition of fines and penalties, and/or other remedies and sanctions. The conduct
of these proceedings could negatively impact our stock price. Since we cannot predict the
outcome of this matter and its impact on us, we have made no provision relating to this
matter in our financial statements. In addition, we expect to continue to incur expenses
associated with the SEC inquiry and its repercussions, regardless of the outcome of the
SEC inquiry, and it may divert the efforts and attention of our management team from
normal business operations.
Because our Class B
common stock has the right, as a class, to elect a majority of our Board of Directors and
has disparate voting rights with respect to all other matters on which our stockholders
vote, your voting rights will be limited and the market price of our common stock may be
affected adversely.
Holders
of our common stock are entitled to one vote per share on matters on which our
stockholders vote generally. As long as there are at least 325,000 shares of our Class B
common stock outstanding, holders of our Class B common stock vote, as a class, to elect
a majority of our board of directors. In addition, shares of our Class B common stock are
entitled to five votes per share on all other matters to be voted on by stockholders in
general. The ability of the holders of our Class B common stock to elect a majority of
our directors and the differential in the voting rights between the common stock and the
Class B common stock could affect adversely the market price of our common stock. All of
the outstanding shares of our Class B common stock are currently held by Daniel Glassman,
our founder and President and Chief Executive Officer, and his wife, and Bradley
Glassman, Senior Vice President, Sales & Marketing.
The
Board of Directors has agreed to review our dual-class equity structure in the first half
of 2007.
Our founder and
President and Chief Executive Officer could exercise substantial control over our affairs.
At
February 28, 2007, Daniel Glassman, our founder and President and Chief Executive
Officer, and members of his immediate family (including his wife, Iris Glassman, and son,
Bradley Glassman), were the beneficial owners of approximately 13%, or 2,144,389 shares
of our outstanding common stock, including the possible beneficial conversion of all
outstanding shares of Class B common stock. The Class B common stock currently votes, as
a class, to elect a majority of our board of directors, and has five votes per share, or
approximately 18% of the total voting power, with respect to all other matters on which
our stockholders are entitled to vote other than the election of the board of directors.
As a result, Mr. Glassman exercises voting control over the election of our board of
directors and could influence our corporate actions. The interests of Mr. Glassman and
his family may differ from yours and they may be able to take actions that advance their
respective interests to your detriment. Mr. Glassmans ability to exercise control over
the election of the board of directors may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or
acquisition and could discourage any bids for our common stock at a premium over the
market price.
Our certificate of
incorporation and Delaware law may delay or prevent our change of control, even if
beneficial to investors.
Our
charter authorizes us to issue up to 2,000,000 shares of preferred stock with such
designations, rights and preferences as the board of directors may determine from time to
time. This authority empowers the board of directors, without further stockholder
approval, to issue preferred shares with dividend, liquidation, conversion, voting or
other rights that could decrease the voting power or other rights of the holders of our
common stock. The issuance of such preferred stock could, under some circumstances,
discourage, delay or prevent a change of control. To date, we have not issued any shares
of preferred stock. In addition, we are and will continue to be subject to the
anti-takeover provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which could delay or
prevent a change of control.
Our operating results
and financial condition may fluctuate which could negatively affect the price of our
stock. Our stock price has fluctuated considerably and could decline.
Our
operating results and financial condition may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year
to year depending upon the relative timing of events or uncertainties that may arise. The
following events or occurrences, among others, could cause fluctuations in our financial
performance from period to period, which could negatively affect the price of our stock:
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changes
in the amount we spend to develop, acquire or license new products, technologies or
businesses;
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changes
in the amount we spend to promote our products;
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delays
between our expenditures to acquire new products, technologies or businesses
and the generation of revenues from those acquired products, technologies or
businesses, including delays in the regulatory approval process for new
products;
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changes
in treatment practices of physicians that currently prescribe our products;
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changes
in wholesale and retail customers purchases and returns of our products;
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changes
in reimbursement policies of health plans and other similar health insurers,
including changes that affect newly developed or newly acquired products;
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increases
in the cost of raw materials used to manufacture our products;
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manufacturing
and supply interruptions, including any failure by our manufacturers to comply with
manufacturing specifications;
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development
of new competitive products by others;
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the
mix of products that we sell during any time period;
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our
responses to price competition;
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market
acceptance of our products;
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the
impairment and write-down of goodwill or other intangible assets;
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implementation
of new or revised accounting, securities, tax or corporate responsibility rules,
policies, regulations or laws;
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disposition
of non-core products, technologies and other rights;
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acquisitions
and financings;
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expenditures
as a result of legal actions;
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termination
or expiration of, or the outcome of disputes relating to, or other developments
involving, trademarks, patents, license agreements and other rights;
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our
ability to react favorably to changes in governmental regulations affecting products we
market;
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increases
in insurance rates for existing products and the cost of insurance for new products;
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lack
of effectiveness of our sales and marketing endeavors; and
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our
level of research and development activities.
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Stock
prices of emerging growth pharmaceutical and small-cap companies such as ours fluctuate
significantly. In particular, our stock price per share since January 1, 2004 has
fluctuated from a low of $7.61 to a high of $25.00. A variety of factors in addition to
the foregoing that could cause the price of our common stock to fluctuate, perhaps
substantially, include:
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announcements
of developments related to our business;
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general
conditions in the pharmaceutical and health care industries;
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current
events affecting the political, economic and social situation in the United States and
other countries where we may sell our products;
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changes
in financial estimates and recommendations by securities analysts;
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lack
of an active, liquid trading market for our common stock;
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the
operating and stock price performance of other companies that investors may deem
comparable; and
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purchases
or sales of blocks of our common stock, including any short-selling activities.
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We
will not be able to control many of these factors, and we believe that period-to-period
comparisons of our financial results will not necessarily be indicative of our future
performance. If our revenues in any particular period do not meet expectations, we may
not be able to adjust our expenditures in that period, which could cause our operating
results to suffer further. If our operating results in any future period fall below the
expectations of securities analysts or investors, our stock price may fall by a
significant amount. In addition, fluctuations in the stock market in general and the
market for shares for emerging growth and specialty pharmaceutical companies in
particular can be unrelated to our operating performance or the operating performance of
other companies. Any such fluctuations in the future could reduce the market price of our
common stock.
The exercise of
outstanding options or the issuance of other shares could reduce the market price of our
stock.
We
currently have outstanding a substantial number of options to purchase shares of our
common stock. If the holders of all outstanding options exercised them, we would have an
additional 1,651,617 shares of common stock issued and outstanding as of December 31,
2006. The sale, or availability for sale, of such substantial amounts
of additional shares of common stock
in the public marketplace could reduce the prevailing market price of our securities and
otherwise impair our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of equity
securities.
We may sell equity
securities in the future, which would cause dilution.
We
may sell equity securities in the future to obtain funds for general corporate or other
purposes. We may sell these securities at a discount to the market price. Any future
sales of equity will dilute the holdings of existing stockholders, possibly reducing the
value of their investment.
ITEM 1B: UNRESOLVED
STAFF COMMENTS
None.